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Figure 3 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 3. Chordodes kolensis. (A) Stereomicroscope, male posterior end, subterminal cloacal opening (arrow) (AMT 1400). (B–G) SEM: (B) female posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow) (AMT 1390); (C–F) cuticle from male specimens; (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) higher magnification from (C); (E) additional areolar types (labelled 3 and 4); (F) crowned areoles with short filaments from the lateral body sides; (G) female crowned areoles with long apical filaments from the ventral midline. Numbering: simple (1), bulging (2), special types (3, 4), crowned with short filaments (5), circumcluster (6), and crowned with long filaments (7) areoles. Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A); 100 mm (B, C); 25 mm (D); 10 mm (E, F); 50 mm (G).

Figure 7 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 7. Molecular phylogenies of nemerteans. (A) Phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. (B) Phylogeny inferred from a simultaneous analysis of partial 28S rRNA, H3, 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences. Phylogeny ''A'' implies that pseudocnidae were present in the common ancestor of nemerteans and subsequently lost in two lineages Phylogeny ''B'' implies independent evolution of pseudocnidae. Open boxes represent character losses and solid boxes represent character acquisitions.

Figure 3 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 3. Transmission electron micrographs of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons pseudocnidae and pseudocnida-forming cells. (A) Longitudinal section of a mature pseudocnida. Note the filament core (fc) and the lateral process (lp). (B) Cross-section of a pseudocnida. Note the Golgi complex in the cell cytoplasm and the putative pseudocnida precursor material (arrows). (C) RER (re) containing flocculent material in a pseudocnida-forming cell. Abbreviations: co, cortex; fc, filament core; go, Golgi complex; lp, lateral process; me, medulla; re, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

Figure 6 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 6. Schematic longitudinal TEM sections of nemertean pseudocnidae. (A) Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons. (B) Tubulanus cf. pellucidus. (C) Carinomella lactea. (D) Zygeupolia rubens. (A) and (C) drawn from data presented herein. (B) and (D) drawn from micrographs in Turbeville (1991) and unpublished data. Scale is approximate.

Figure 5 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 5. Transmission electron micrographs of Carinomella lactea pseudocnidae and pseudocnida-forming cells. (A) Longitudinal section of pseudocnidae. Note the medulla (me) cortex (co) and filament core (fc). (B) Cross section of a pseudocnida. Putative pseudocnida precursors are present in the cell cytoplasm (*). (C) Pseudocnidaforming cell revealing Gogli complex (go) and pseudocnida precursor material (*). Abbreviations: co, cortex; fc, filament core; go, Golgi complex; me, medulla; ps, pseudocnida.

Figure 4 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 4. Cross-sections of the proboscis of Carinomella lactea. (A) Survey transmission electron micrograph of the proboscis. Note the pseudocnida-forming cell containing pseudocnidae (arrow). (B) Low-power micrograph revealing two groups of pseudocnidae (arrows) resting on secretions (*) of underlying gland cells. (C) Cross section of a group of pseudocnidae (ps) and a sensory bristle of an adjacent sensory cell. (D) Low-power micrograph of longitudinal sections of pseudocnidae. Note the filament core (fc). Abbreviations: cm, circular muscle; em, extracellular matrix; fc, filament core; gc, gland cell; lm, longitudinal muscle; pc, pseudocnidaforming cell; pe, proboscis peritoneum; pn, proboscis nerve; ps, pseudocnida; sc, sensory cell cilium.

Figure 2 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of the middle proboscis of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons. (A) Survey micrograph of a cross section of the middle proboscis. Asterisk (*) indicates a pseudocnida-forming cell. (B) Pseudocnida-forming cell revealing the nucleus, RER and several pseudocnidae. (C) Longitudinal section of pseudocnida. Arrow indicates the filament core. (D) Cross-section of a pseudocnida. Arrow indicates core. (E) Section of an everted proboscis. Apices of the pseudocnidae extend into the lumen. (F) Cross-sections of bases of pseudocnidae. Arrowheads indicate the lateral processes. Also note the sensory cilium of the adjacent sensory cell (sc). Abbreviations: cm, circular muscle; co, cortex; lm, longitudinal muscle; lp, lateral process; me, medulla; pe, proboscis peritoneum; pn, proboscis nerve; rd, fusiform rhabdoid; sc, sensory cell.

Figure 1 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 1. Light micrograph of the everted proboscis of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons revealing apices of pseudocnidae (arrow). Note also the sensory bristles (sb).

Figure 5 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 5. Chordodes digitatus. (A, B) SEM male midbody cuticle: (A) cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2) and thorn areoles; (B) midbody cuticle showing thorn areole (3) and clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). (C) SEM of female longitudinal ventral groove: thorn areole (3) and crowned areoles with long filaments (6). Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E).

Figure 1 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 1. Chordodes capensis. (A) Stereo microscopy, ventral view of male posterior end; (B) stereo microscopy, female posterior end; (C, D) SEM of male cuticle, image of midbody cuticle showing simple (1), tubercle (2), crowned (3), and circumcluster areoles (4); (E, F) SEM of female longitudinal ventral groove crowned areoles with long filaments (5). Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A, B); 20 mm (C–E); 10 mm (F).

Figure 4 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 4. Chordodes digitatus, holotype, SEM male posterior end. (A) View of the cloacal opening (c) lying on the central cuticular protuberance and surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Lateral to the cloacal opening are two rows of bristles (the bristlefield, arrow); (B) detail of the posterior end. Scale bars: 50 mm (A); 20 mm (B).

Figure 3 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D).

Figure 6 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 6. Chordodes tuberculatus, holotype. (A–C) Posterior end: (A) general view showing the cloacal opening (c); (B) detail of the cuticle, cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (arrow) of the terminal end; (C) detail of the bristlefields. (D–F) Midbody cuticle: (D) general view; (E) cuticle with simple (1), tubercle areoles with an eccentric tubercle (2) and clusters of crowned areoles (3); (F) detail of simple (1) and tubercle areoles (2). Scale bars: 50 mm (A, D); 20 mm (B); 10 mm (C, E, F).

Fig. 7 in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 7. Late spermatids of Oedothorax retusus (Linyphiidae). SEM. Colors (red, purple, blue) indicate three different spermatids. Abbreviations: AV, acrosomal vacuole; F, flagellum.

Fig. 6 in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 6. Interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of orbicularian spiders (based on Griswold et al. 1998 and Lopardo and Hormiga, 2008; see text for additional information and for sources of intrafamilial relationships). The optimization of the character 2 describing the axonemal pattern (three versus no central tubules) is reconstructed using parsimony. Data of the organization of the axoneme based on: Boissin, 1973; Alberti, 1990; Li et al., 1994; Michalik and Alberti, 2005; Michalik et al., 2005; Michalik, 2006; Michalik et al., 2006; and further own unpublished observations (see text for additional details).

Fig. 2 in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 2. Pimoa altioculata. Male reproductive system, dorsal view. The highly coiled deferent ducts were partly unraveled during dissection. The testes are densely attached to each other.

Fig. 5. A in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 5. A. Pimoa altioculata. Cleistospermium in lumen of the deferent duct. B. Pimoa edenticulata. Coiled sperm cell in testis; arrows to the axoneme. C. Pimoa laurae. Coiled sperm cell in lumen of the testis; arrows to axoneme. D–E. Pimoa altioculata. Detail of the axoneme (D, cross section; E, longitudinal section). Abbreviations: AF, acrosomal filament; AV, acrosomal vacuole; Ax, axoneme; CA, centriolar adjunct; dC, distal centriole; Gly, glycogen; Me, membrane cisternae; Mi, mitochondria; N, nucleus; NC, nuclear canal; Sec, secretion; SSh, secretion sheath.

Fig. 4. A–C in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 4. A–C. Pimoa altioculata. Coiled sperm cells in lumen of the testis; arrow to electron-lucent part of the acrosomal vacuole (see also fig. 4D). D–E. Pimoa curvata. Cleistospermia in lumen of the deferent duct; arrows to electron-lucent part of the acrosomal vacuole. F. Pimoa laurae. Cleistospermium in lumen of the deferent duct. Abbreviations: AF, acrosomal filament; AV, acrosomal vacuole; Ax, axoneme; CA, centriolar adjunct; dC, distal centriole; Gly, glycogen; pC, proximal centriole; peN, postcentriolar elongation of the nucleus; N, nucleus; NC, nuclear canal; Sec, secretion; SSh, secretion sheath.

Fig. 1. Male habitus, dorsal view. A. Pimoa altioculata. B. Pimoa curvata. C. Pimoa laurae. D in Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

Fig. 1. Male habitus, dorsal view. A. Pimoa altioculata. B. Pimoa curvata. C. Pimoa laurae. D. Pimoa edenticulata.