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Fig. 59. Phylogeny from figure 57A in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 59. Phylogeny from figure 57A plotted stratigraphically. Solid lines indicate known ranges; dotted lines indicate ''ghost lineages'' (see text and Norell, 1992). Ghost lineages for unresolved nodes within Apternodus are approximations only. The timescale is taken from Prothero (1998) and Prothero and Whittlesey (1998). Notes: 1, earliest definitive record of the Soricidae is late Uintan (Krishtalka and Setoguchi, 1977; Storer, 1984). 2, Earliest North American record of Apternodus is based on specifically indeterminate teeth from early Duchesnean deposits at Badwater 20, Wyoming.

FIG. 4. — A-D in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 4. — A-D, Iconaster elegans Jangoux, 1981, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 2776); A, abactinal surface; B, glassy granules on superomarginals; C, enlarged accessories on abactinal plates, papular region; D, oral and adambulacral regions; E-G, Iconaster longimanus MÖbius, 1859, Singapore, dry (CASIZ 117905); E, abactinal surface; F, abactinal plates with glassy granules; G, oral and

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., New Caledonia, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11682); A, abactinal view; B, superomarginal plate shape; C, oral and adambulacral regions; D, E, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., New Caledonia, holotype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11688); D, abactinal view; E, oral and adambulacral regions. Scale bars: A, 5.0 mm; B, D, 3.0 mm; C, 2.0 mm;

FIG. 1. — A, B in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 1. — A, B, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, juvenile, dry, R = 7.0 mm, r = 4.0 mm (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, Pontioceramus grandis Fisher, 1911 (USNM IZ-40578), dry, ambulacrals expressing a large ambulacral head (character 28), absence of an overlapping flange on the ambulacral head (character 29), rounded waist surface (character 30), and fan-like flaps on the ambulacral base (character 31); D, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., dry (MNHN EcAs 11690), ambulacrals expressing a small ambulacral head (28), an overlapping flange (29), a sharpened edge on the waist (30), and narrow flaps on the ambulacral base (31); E, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., paratype (MNHN EcAs 11683), predatory marks (PM)

FIG. 2. — A-C in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 2. — A-C, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, SMIB 4, stn DW 61, dry (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface, larger specimen with roughened marginal plates; B, roughened superomarginal plate; C, ambulacral furrow, furrow spines, and adambulacral plates; D, E, Glyphodiscus mcknighti Rowe, 1989 (= G. perierctus), New Caledonia, SMIB 5, stn DW 104, dry (MNHN EcAs 11697); D, abactinal surface, smaller specimen with smooth marginal plates; E, actinal surface. Scale bars: A, B, D, E,

FIG. 5. — A-C, Iconaster vanuatuensis n in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 5. — A-C, Iconaster vanuatuensis n. sp., Vanuatu, holotype, dry (MNHN EcAS 11680); A, abactinal view; B, abactinal plates with glassy granules; C, oral region showing enlarged spines and adambulacral-subambulacral region; D-G, Iconaster uchelbeluuensis n. sp., Philippines, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11681); D, abactinal view; E, glassy granules on superomarginal plate; F, enlarged accessories on corners of abactinal plates; G, adambulacral plates displaying crowded furrow spines and subambulacral spines.

FIG. 6 in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 6. — Phylogram of Iconaster + Glyphodiscus, plus outgroup taxa. Numbers with % above branches are bootstrap values (300 replicates). Single numbers below branches are Bremer support values. Lines shown in bold are ingroup taxa. Geographic and bathymetric range data shown to right of tree. Dotted line around Vanuatu indicates possible photic transmission to deeper depths (see Discussion). Abbreviation: OG, outgroup taxon. Scale bar: 5 changes.

Fig. 6 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 6. cf. Sokotosuchus. CNRST SUNY 279, partial skull roof and occiput in A, dorsal and B, occipital views. Scale bar equals 2 cm.

Fig. 5. Chenanisuchus lateroculi. CNRST SUNY 280 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 5. Chenanisuchus lateroculi. CNRST SUNY 280, partial skull roof and occiput in A, dorsal and B, occipital views. Scale bar equals 2 cm.

Fig. 2 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic stratigraphic sections depicting correlations in age between strata at different Malian localities. Fossils described herein come from deposits in Mali-8 (Maastrichtian), Mali-18 (Paleocene), and Mali-20 (Eocene). Inset: map of eastern Mali showing relative locations of fossiliferous localities.

Fig. 1 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 1. Alternative hypotheses explaining the phylogenetic relationships of dyrosaurids. A, ''manual cladogram'', not based on a cladistic data matrix, hypothesized by Buffetaut (1978b). B, cladogram presented by Jouve (2005), based on cladistic analysis of 12 characters. C, cladogram presented by Jouve et al (2005b), based on cladistic analysis of 30 characters. Note basal position of Phosphatosaurus and highly nested position of Hyposaurus common to all hypotheses.

Fig. 7 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships and stratigraphic distribution of 10 dyrosaurid taxa and four outgroups, derived from ten equally most parsimonious trees. Tree length 5 66 steps; CI 5 0.6522; RI 5 0.7576; RCI 5 0.4941. Inset shows strict consensus of 10 most parsimonious trees; larger cladogram based on the single agreement subtree, which excluded Chenanisuchus, Congsaurus, and Elosuchus. Fine black lines depict the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships based on the current analysis. Bold black bars indicate the known stratigraphic ranges of taxa; solid gray bars represent inferred occurrences of taxa (i.e., ghost lineages). Alternative positions of Chenanisuchus (two alternatives) Congosaurus (four alternatives), and

Fig. 3 in Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K/T Boundary

Fig. 3. Rhabdognathus keiniensis. Partial skull roof and occiput of two individuals. CNRST SUNY 276 in A, dorsal and B, occipital views. CNRST SUNY 277 in C, dorsal and D, occipital views. Scale bars equal 2 cm.

Figs 28–31 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.

Figs 26–27 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.

Figs. 5–9 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 5–9. Immatures of Nomioides patruelis. 5. Egg, lateral view, anterior end at top. 6. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 7, 8. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 9. Right mandible, outer surface. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Atp 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface.

Figs. 10, 11 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 10, 11. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Nomioides patruelis and close-up of micropyle, respectively.