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Text-fig. 3. Bivariate plots of the lower teeth (m3 – m2) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Holroyd (1999), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 3. Bivariate plots of the lower teeth (m3 – m2) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Holroyd (1999), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017).

Text-fig. 8. Drawings of upper dentition in occlusal view of African Miocene Hyainailourinae. Comparison with other selected Hyaenodontida taxa. a: Brychotherium ephalmos, b: Anasinopa leakeyi, c: Teratodon spekei, d: Mlanyama sugu, e: Leakitherium hiwegi, f: Buhakia sp. from Karungu, g: Dissopsalis carnifex, h: Metapterodon stromeri, i: Pterodon dasyuroides, j: Hyainailouros napakensis, k: Falcatodon schlosseri, l: Sectisodon markgrafi, m: Isohyaenodon zadoki, n: Isohyaenodon sp. from Elisabethfeld, o: Sectisodon occultus, p–q: Exiguodon pilgrimi, p: from Napak, q: from Koru. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 8. Drawings of upper dentition in occlusal view of African Miocene Hyainailourinae. Comparison with other selected Hyaenodontida taxa. a: Brychotherium ephalmos, b: Anasinopa leakeyi, c: Teratodon spekei, d: Mlanyama sugu, e: Leakitherium hiwegi, f: Buhakia sp. from Karungu, g: Dissopsalis carnifex, h: Metapterodon stromeri, i: Pterodon dasyuroides, j: Hyainailouros napakensis, k: Falcatodon schlosseri, l: Sectisodon markgrafi, m: Isohyaenodon zadoki, n: Isohyaenodon sp. from Elisabethfeld, o: Sectisodon occultus, p–q: Exiguodon pilgrimi, p: from Napak, q: from Koru.

Text-fig. 7. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2, M1, P4) and lower teeth (m3, m2, p4) of large Miocene hyaenodonts from Eurasian and African localities. Data source: Stromer (1926), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Ginsburg (1999), Holroyd (1999), Morales et al. (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen and Gutiérrez (2009), Borths et al. (2016). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 7. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2, M1, P4) and lower teeth (m3, m2, p4) of large Miocene hyaenodonts from Eurasian and African localities. Data source: Stromer (1926), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Ginsburg (1999), Holroyd (1999), Morales et al. (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen and Gutiérrez (2009), Borths et al. (2016).

Text-fig. 2. Buhakia hyaenoides (MORALES et al., 2003) from Arrisdrift, Sperrgebiet (Namibia). GSN AD 241'99 (holotype), left m2. a: lingual view, b: buccal view, c: occlusal view (stereo pairs). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 2. Buhakia hyaenoides (MORALES et al., 2003) from Arrisdrift, Sperrgebiet (Namibia). GSN AD 241'99 (holotype), left m2. a: lingual view, b: buccal view, c: occlusal view (stereo pairs).

Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742.

Text-fig. 6. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863 from Arrisdrift, Sperrgebiet, Namibia. GSN AD 106'99, left mandible with m1. a: radiograph showing unerupted m3 and m2, b: occlusal view, c: buccal view. pp = undetermined premolars, pa = paraconid, pr = protoconid. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 6. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863 from Arrisdrift, Sperrgebiet, Namibia. GSN AD 106'99, left mandible with m1. a: radiograph showing unerupted m3 and m2, b: occlusal view, c: buccal view. pp = undetermined premolars, pa = paraconid, pr = protoconid.

Text-fig. 1. Leakitherium hiwegi SAVAGE, 1965 from Rusinga, Kenya. NHMUK M 19083 (holotype), left maxilla with M2 – M1. a: occlusal view, b: lingual view, c: buccal view (stereo pairs). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 1. Leakitherium hiwegi SAVAGE, 1965 from Rusinga, Kenya. NHMUK M 19083 (holotype), left maxilla with M2 – M1. a: occlusal view, b: lingual view, c: buccal view (stereo pairs).

Text-fig. 9. Biostratigraphy of African Miocene localities, with the temporal ranges of the diverse species of hyaenodonts found therein. See Pickford (1986a), Pickford and Senut (2003), Reynoso (2014) and Werdelin (2010). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 9. Biostratigraphy of African Miocene localities, with the temporal ranges of the diverse species of hyaenodonts found therein. See Pickford (1986a), Pickford and Senut (2003), Reynoso (2014) and Werdelin (2010).

Text-fig. 5. Hyainailourus napakensis GINSBURG, 1980. a: NHMUK M 19090, left M1 from Napak (Uganda), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. b: KNM-ME 22, left m2 from Meswa Brigde (Kenya), 1: buccal view, 2: lingual view. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863. c: GSN AD 375'94, right M1 from Arrisdrift (Namibia), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. d: MNHN Tav 167, right m2 from Tavers (France), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 5. Hyainailourus napakensis GINSBURG, 1980. a: NHMUK M 19090, left M1 from Napak (Uganda), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. b: KNM-ME 22, left m2 from Meswa Brigde (Kenya), 1: buccal view, 2: lingual view. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863. c: GSN AD 375'94, right M1 from Arrisdrift (Namibia), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. d: MNHN Tav 167, right m2 from Tavers (France), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 4. Results of parsimony analyses using the cyt-b gene. Single optimal tree of 1916 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 3. Results of parsimony analysis using the vWF gene. Strict consensus of two trees of 688 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 5. Results of the parsimony analyses combining vWF and cyt-b sequences. Strict consensus of two optimal trees of 2507 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 1. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi FMNH 142766 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 1. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi FMNH 142766, view of the upper (A) and lower (B) tooth rows. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; I2, second upper incisor; m1, first lower molar; M1, first upper molar; m2, second lower molar; M2, second upper molar; m3, third lower molar; p1, first lower premolar; P1, first upper premolar; p3, third lower premolar; P3, third upper premolar; p4, fourth lower premolar; P4, fourth upper premolar. Homology of teeth according to Andersen (1912). Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437, rostral view of the apex of the skull and mental view of the mandible. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; i2, lower second incisor; I2, upper second incisor. Homology of teeth according to Andersen (1912). Scale 5 1 mm.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

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Fig. 15 in New Basal Interatheriidae (Typotheria, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Central Chile

Fig. 15. Bivariate plot of basal interatheriids (excluding Eopachyrucos) using upper first molar dimensions.