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Figures 49-53 from: Staniec B, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Pawlęga K (2018) First description of the larva of Dinaraea Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini). ZooKeys 752: 99-123. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.24440
Figures 49-53 D. aequata , mature larva (49, 51), first larval instar (50, 52, 53). 49, 50 abdominal tergites I and II 51 abdominal sternites I and II 52 abdominal sternites I 53 abdominal sternites II. Abbreviations: A anterior setae, C campaniform sensilla, D, Da–c discal setae, Eb egg-bursters, L lateral setae, P posterior setae, Pg pretergal gland, Ps presternal setae, Sp spiracle.
Figures 24-32 from: Staniec B, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Pawlęga K (2018) First description of the larva of Dinaraea Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini). ZooKeys 752: 99-123. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.24440
Figures 24-32 D. aequata (24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32) D. linearis (25, 29, 31), mature larva. 24, 25 labrum 26, 27, 27a epipharynx, 28, 29 left (L) and right (R) mandible in dorsal aspect 30, 31 anterior region of left (L) and right (R) mandible in dorsal aspect 32 right mandible in ventral aspect. Abbreviations: Ld labral dorsal setae, Lm labral marginal setae, Ll labral lateral setae.
Figures 12-23 from: Staniec B, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Pawlęga K (2018) First description of the larva of Dinaraea Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini). ZooKeys 752: 99-123. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.24440
Figures 12-23 D. aequata (12, 13, 15, 16–18, 20, 22, 23) D. linearis (14, 19, 21). First larval instar (12, 17), mature larva (13–16, 18–23), 12–16 head in dorsal (12, 13), ventral (14), lateral (15) and frontal (16) aspect with glands (13a, 13b), ocellus (15a), microstructure (15b) and posterior setae (15c), 17–23 right antenna, article III in dorsal aspect (17), entire in dorsal aspect (18, 19), anterior region in dorsal aspect (20, 21), entire in apical aspect (22), anterior region of article II in ventral aspect (23) Abbreviations: I–III antennal articles, IIS IIIS solenidia of antennal article II or III, At antenna, Ed epicranial dorsal setae, Eg epicranial gland, El epicranial lateral setae, Em epicranial marginal setae, Es epicranial suture, Fc frontal campaniform sensilla, Fd frontal dorsal setae, Fl frontal lateral setae, F frons, Hp hypopharynx, L lateral setae, Lb labium, Lc lateral campaniform sensilla, Lp labial palp, Lr labrum, Ma mala, Md mandible, Mx maxilla, Mp maxillary palp, Oc ocellus, P posterior setae, Pl labial palp, Pm maxillary palp, Sa sensory appendage, T temporal setae, V ventral setae, Vc ventral campaniform sensilla, Vl ventral lateral setae.
Figures 41-48 from: Staniec B, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Pawlęga K (2018) First description of the larva of Dinaraea Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini). ZooKeys 752: 99-123. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.24440
Figures 41-48 D. linearis, mature larva (41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 47a), first larval instar (44, 46, 48, 48a). 41, 42 fore right leg in anterior aspect and tarsungulus (42), 43, 44 pronotum, 45, 46 mesonotum, 47 prosternum with microstructure (47a), 48 metanotum with egg-bursters (48a). Abbreviations: A anterior setae, Ad anterodorsal setae, Al anterolateral setae, Ap appendage, Asp atrophied spiracles, Av anteroventral setae, Bs basal setae, C campaniform sensilla, Cx coxa, Eb egg-bursters, Eu eusternum, Fe femur, Da–d dorsal setae, L lateral setae, Ls laterosternum, P posterior setae, Pd posterodorsal setae, Pg pretergal gland, Pr presternum, Prehy prehypopleuron, Pv posteroventral setae, Sp spiracle, St sternellum, Tb tibia, Tr trochanter, Ts tarsungulus, V ventral setae.
Supplementary material 1 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Video :
Figure 6 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 6 Viscera of P. americana before (A) and after (B) parasitization by A. compressa. A The entire digestive system has been isolated to more thoroughly illustrate all parts of the gut as well as tissues previously obstructed such as trachea, ovaries, thoracic muscle and fat body B Isolated gut from after completion of A. compressa larval development. Abbreviations: TM = thoracic muscle, Tr = trachea, Ovl = ovarioles of ovary, FB = fat body, Cn = colon, Mg = midgut, Cm = caeca, Cp = crop, VNC = ventral nerve cord, Pv = proventriculus.
Figure 3 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 3 Ampulex compressa larvae develop through three instars. The number of instars of A. compressa were determined by taking representative larva from different time intervals and plotting the product of the length and width of the head capsule (area) against age of the larva. The data plots as three distinct groups, indicative of three instars (green - first instar, orange - second instar, blue - third instar. Horizontal bars represent average area of the head capsule in each instar and vertical error bars are standard deviation. Each mean head capsule size is significantly different from the others, as indicated by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.0001).
Figure 2 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 2 Cocoon mass and volume can be predictors of sex. The probability that a cocoon will emerge as a female is given as A a function of pupal volume (p < 0.0001, Chi Square = 16.5), and B a function of cocoon mass (p < 0.0001, Chi Square = 19.6)
Figure 1 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 1 A. compressa development time and adult size are sexually dimorphic. A Larval development as defined by the duration between egg laying and pupation shows no difference between males and females (black, p = 0.26). Pupal duration - time between cocoon spinning and eclosion - is sexually dimorphic (red, p < 0.0001). Statistical difference determined by Welch's T test, NS = not significant, **** = p < 0.0001. (n = 200, males; n = 135, females) B Cocoon volume (black) of females is significantly larger than that of the males. (female n = 8, male n=21). Adult mass (red) is significantly larger for females (Female n = 8, male n=17). (*** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001, by Welch's T test). Error bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 7 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 7 Estimation of pupal size by modeling as a parabola. Shape of the Ampulex compressa pupa is a prolate spheroid. Thus, volume of the cocoon can be estimated by modeling it as parabola, rotated about the longitudinal axis, using only length and width measurements.
Figure 4 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 4 Comparative morphology of mandibles of the three larval instars of A. compressa. Mandible morphology is unique to each instar and appears to suit the needs of each stage. A First instar mandibles are suitable for piercing the cockroach cuticle and facilitating a steady flow of hemolymph without serious injury to the cockroach B The second instar mandible is larger and contains a serrated edge suitable for cutting into the cockroach to facilitate entry into the host C Third and last instar mandibles appear after the larva has entered the body cavity of the cockroach to consume fat body and muscle. These mandibles appear to be suited for crushing and macerating the internal tissues D All three mandible types together to scale for comparison.
Figure 8 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 8 Scanning electron micrographs of an intermediate-stage (a) and a mature terminal-instar (b) larva of Parnips sp. B.
Figure 6 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 6 a Measurements of galls and pupae of Barbotiniaoraniensis and Parnipsnigripes (F = female, M = male). Galls containing females are larger than galls containing males (ANOVA: F = 8.075, df = 1, p = 0.006) but galls attacked by Parnips do not differ in diameter from normal Barbotinia galls (p = 0.51) b Female pupae are heavier than male pupae (F = 18.35, df = 1, p < 0.0001) but Barbotinia pupae do not differ in weight from Parnips pupae (p = 0.90) cBarbotinia galls attacked by Parnips have relatively thicker walls than normal galls (F = 6.98, df = 1, p = 0.01) both in females and males. Barbotinia females n = 20, males n = 18, Parnips females n = 27, males n = 15.
Figure 7 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 7 Young galls of Iraellahispanica in flowers of Papaverrhoeas and their inhabitants. a Gall b Transverse section of the gall showing gall chambers with larvae of Iraellac Mature terminal-instar larva of Iraella with an ectoparasitic intermediate-stage larva of Parnips sp. B. d Intermediate-stage larva of Parnips sp. B.
Figure 5 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 5 Mandibles of the terminal-instar larva of Barbotiniaoraniensis (a) and Parnipsnigripes (b). Barbotinia has a large mandible with two to three strong, blunt teeth. The mandible of Parnips is considerably smaller and has a single, elongate incisor with a weak secondary tooth along its upper margin.
Figure 3 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 3 Young galls of Barbotiniaoraniensis inside seed capsules of Papaverrhoeas. There may be 1–3, rarely up to 6–7 galls per seed capsule. The galls lie inside the seed capsule and are not connected to the capsule wall (a). A sectioned gall shows the thick layers of plant tissue surrounding the young larva (b).
Figure 4 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 4 Galls inside the seed capsules of Papaverrhoeas opened in October may contain pupae of Barbotiniaoraniensis (a) or Parnipsnigripes (b). Parnips pupae are always found together with minute remnants of the terminal-instar larva of Barbotinia (arrow). Chambers occupied by healthy Barbotinia pupae do not contain remnants of other insects. Galls parasitized by Parnips are indistinguishable externally from normal Barbotinia galls but the wall is slightly thicker.
Figure 2 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 2 Habitus of the adult female of Barbotiniaoraniensis (a) and its parasitoid Parnipsnigripes (b).
Figure 1 from: Ronquist F, Nylander JAA, Vårdal H, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2018) Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 91-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24115
Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships among cynipids, core figitids, figitoid inquilines and other cynipoids (simplified from Ronquist et al. 2015). Numbers are Bayesian posterior probabilities in a combined analysis of morphological and molecular data, and the width of each clade is proportional to the number of species included in the analysis. The species studied in this paper are among the figitoid inquilines and in the cynipid tribe Aylacini, and their position is shown in the tree with thick arrows. The blue boxes indicate groups that are inquilines (or parasitoids in the case of Paraulacini); all other cynipids are gall inducers as far as is known. At least two cynipid tribes appear to have originated from inquilines (Synergini and Ceroptresini), possibly also a third (Diastrophini).
Figure 1d from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1d Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Trends from the largest P. vivipara population at Pitt Water. Each point is the mean of adult densities from numerous sampling events over each 2 year period. During 1976-83 a fixed 1 m2 quadrat was sampled (Prestedge 1998) while a different method was used from 2001-04 involving 25 m transects being sampled across the site (Ecomarine 2014). Other survey types (timed-search) have also found large population declines (see section 2.).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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