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FIG. 2 in On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar
FIG. 2. — Bivariate plots of humerus and tibia measurements of modern (black) and subfossil (white) specimens of Cryptoprocta Bennett, 1833. The two bones were chosen for illustration because they represent cases of good separation (humerus) and the bone with the smallest differences (tibia) between modern and the subfossil sample.
FIG. 4 in On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar
FIG. 4. — Ventral views of the cranium of a recently collected Cryptoprocta ferox Bennett, 1833 (above) and the neotype subfossil C. spelea Grandidier, 1902 (MNHN 1977.755). The specimen of C. ferox (AMNH 188213) collected at Manakara in 1931 is amongst some of the larger modern individuals of this species measured during the course of this study. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIG. 1 in On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar
FIG. 1. — Frequency distributions of dental measurements of modern (black) and subfossil (gray) specimens of Cryptoprocta Bennett, 1833.
Figure 7 in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 7. Schmelzmuster mapped on the phylogeny of basal proboscideans and selected other paenungulates; the cladogram is adapted from Tassy (1996) and Gheerbrant et al. (2005a). Enamel microstructures of Elephantiformes and Deinotheriidae are from Remy (1976b), Bertrand (1989), Koenigswald et al. (1993), and Pfretzschner (1994). See text for an explanation of enamel microstructure traits.
Figure 2. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 2. A, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section of an upper molar with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) that represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness. B, Tangential section in the same species, HSB present pronounced undulations. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface.
Figure 3. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 3. A, Moeritherium chehbeurameuri, late–middle Eocene, Bir El Ater, Algeria; vertical section of a lower molar showing a two-layered Schmelzmuster with radial enamel in the outer zone underlain by Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) in the inner two thirds; EDJ, enamel dentine junction. B, Daouitherium rebouli, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; horizontal section of a lower molar with open-prism cross sections and an important amount of interprismatic matrix (IPM). C, vertical section of a lower molar of the same species showing HSB that reach the outer enamel surface (OES).
Figure 5. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 5. A, Numidotherium koholense, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; vertical section of an upper molar with thick bundles of prisms that decussate in all directions, this organization corresponds to the 3-D enamel and results in combinations of both horizontal and vertical decussations. B, same sample as (A): in some places the vertical component is more attenuated than the horizontal one, which generates essentially horizontal decussations; this peculiar and limited microstructure is evidently evocative of Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB). OES, outer enamel surface.
Figure 6. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 6. A, Numidotherium koholense, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; vertical section of a lower molar showing zones of transition between areas of decussations; the prisms exhibit a keyhole cross section and the interprismatic matrix (IPM) is very reduced. B, Numidotherium savagei, late Eocene, Dor el Talha, Libya; vertical section of a lower molar with 3-D enamel near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ). C, Anthracobune pinfoldi, either late early or early middle Eocene, Kuldana Formation, Pakistan; horizontal section of a P4 near the outer enamel surface (OES), closed circles within hexagonal structures are typical of poorly mineralized areas of the outer zone; the hexagons represent the area of one ameloblast and the central circles may represent the trace of Tomes' process. D, Seggeurius amourensis, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; natural vertical section of an upper molar with a Schmelzmuster composed of radial enamel only. E, Crivadiatherium iliescui, late Eocene, Hateg Basin, Romania; vertical section of a molar showing modified radial enamel in the inner first-third of the enamel thickness; in this zone, the prisms are lanceolate in outline and the crystallites of the IPM are directed perpendicular to the prisms long axis.
Figure 4. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 4. A, indeterminate large mammal, earliest Eocene, N'Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; vertical section with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) in the inner two thirds overlain by radial enamel; in some areas, HSB are penetrating the entire thickness of the enamel. B, detail of the same sample with bifurcation of HSB, the width of the HSB varies from nine to more than 20 prisms. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface.
Figure 1. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)
Figure 1. A, Khamsaconus bulbosus, earliest Eocene, N'Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; natural vertical fracture of the DP4 (holotype and unique specimen) with radial enamel. B, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section near the outer enamel surface (OES), with irregular prism cross sections that vary from open to closed. C, same sample as in (B) showing Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and the typical keyhole cross sections of the prisms in the 'ginkgo-tree-leaf ' pattern. D, same sample as in (B) and (C) near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), the interprismatic matrix (IPM) crystallites show the same orientation as the long axis of prisms.
Figure 28 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 28. Fore and hind limb proportions in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and extant large felids, along with 95% confidence limits. A, scapula length to forelimb length; B, radius length to humerus length; C, ulna length to humerus length; D, metacarpal III length to humerus length; E, tibia length to femur length; F, metatarsal III length to femur length. Forelimb length was computed as the length of humerus + radius + metacarpal III. Specimen numbers are: Panthera leo (N = 16), Panthera onca (N = 8), Panthera pardus (N = 16), Panthera tigris (N = 19), Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5) and Puma concolor (N = 6).
Figure 24 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 24. Articular length of tibia to tibial diaphysial circumference at midshaft, both in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); •, Machairodus giganteus (N = 3); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 2);, Smilodon populator (N = 1).
Figure 27 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 27. The skeleton of Megantereon cultridens SE311 as it stood when still mounted in the exhibitions at the Natural History Museum in Basel. As reconstructed, the skeleton has seven cervical, 12 thoracal and seven lumbar vertebrae, and is thus missing a posterior thoracal vertebra. The vertebra here placed as lumbar 3 is, however, the rather poorly preserved thoracic 11, and the actual missing vertebra is lumbar 1. Photo courtesy of Arne Ziems, curator, Natural History Museum, Basel.
Figure 18 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 18. Comparative morphology of the ulna, lateral view. A, Megantereon cultridens SE311 [left]; B, Smilodon fatalis LACM-HC1505 [left]; C, Smilodon gracilis UF87279 [right]; D, Panthera onca CN5659 [right]; E, Panthera tigris CN5669 [right]. Angle (a) is between long axis of diaphysis and olecranon process (olecranon angle) and (b) is between long axis of diaphysis and insertion of m. triceps brachii caput longum (triceps angle).
Figure 17 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 17. Total length of ulna to anteroposterior diameter of ulnar diaphysis at midshaft (A) and total length of ulna to olecranon process length from the centre of rotation in the articular cotyle to distal end (B), all in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); •, Machairodus giganteus (N = 1); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 2);, Smilodon populator (N = 2).
Figure 15 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 15. Articular length of the humerus to least circumference of the humeral diaphysis (A) and articular length of the humerus to the distal width of the humerus (B), all in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 4);, Smilodon populator (N = 4).
Figure 13 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 13. Scapula proportions (mm) in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and extant large felids. A, scapula length to maximum height of the spina scapula; B, scapula length to maximum height of the infraspinous fossa; C, scapula length to maximum height of the supraspinous fossa. Symbols:, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6).
Figure 20 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 20. Manual phalanges of digits I–IV from the right manus of Megantereon cultridens SE311, viewed dorsally, except terminal phalanges, which are viewed laterally (I and III) and medially (II).
Figure 16 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 16. Deltoid length of humerus (length of deltoid crest from the proximal point of the humeral head/ humerus articular length) in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and large felids. Specimen numbers are: Panthera leo (N = 13), P. onca (N = 7), P. pardus (N = 11), P. tigris (N = 12), Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5), Puma concolor (N = 5), Smilodon fatalis (N = 7), S. gracilis (N = 3) and S. populator (N = 3).
Figure 12 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France
Figure 12. Scapulae and sternal elements of Megantereon cultridens SE311. Right scapula (A) and left scapula (B), both in lateral view; mesosternal elements (C); manubrium in ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.