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2,315 results for “Dinosaurs”
Fig. 6 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 6. Ventral view of the right side of a eusuchian crocodilian pelvis and hindlimb. IL ilium; IS ischium; PIFE1,2,3 M. puboischiofemoralis externus parts one, two and three.
Fig. 4 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 4. Reconstructed pelvic and hindlimb muscles of the theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. AMB M. ambiens; CFB M. caudofemoralis brevis; CFL M. caudofemoralis longus; FTE M. flexor tibialis externus; GF M. gastrocnemius, fibular head; PIFI1 M. puboischiofemoralis internus part one; TFTE tendon of the M. flexor tibialis externus.
Fig. 1 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 1. Various tarsal elements of archosaurs: a distal view of the right tarsus of a eusuchian crocodilian; b proximal view of the right calcaneum of the pseudosuchian Prestosuchus; c lateral view of the left calcaneum of a eusuchian crocodilian; d lateral view of the left calcaneum of a theropod dinosaur AC articular cartilage; AH anterior hollow of the astragulus; CT calcaneal tuber; DR distal roller of the astragulus; DT distal tarsal four facet of the calcaneum; F fibula; FC fibular condyle of the calcaneum; P peg of the astragalus; S socket of the calcaneum; T tongue of the calcaneum; TI tibia.
Fig. 2 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 2. Superficial shank muscles of a eusuchian crocodilian. FTE tendon of the M. flexor tibialis externus; GF fibular head of the M. gastrocnemius; PLA plantar aponeurosis; T tibia.
Fig. 7 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 7. Diagrammatic representation of the theropod dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex, during a walking gait.
Fig. 3 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 3. Lateral view of the left shank and pes of a eusuchian crocodilian. AMB M. ambiens; C calcaneum; FTE M. flexor tibialis externus; G M. gas trocnemius, fibular head; PA M. pero neus anterior; PP peroneus posterior; TCF tendon of the M. caudofemoralis attaching to the fibula; TCFM tendon of the M. caudofemoralis, forming the main origin for the fibular head of the M. gastrocnemius; TE tendon of the M. caudofemoralis to the extensor tendon of the knee; TFTE tendon of the M. flexor tibialis externus to the fifth metatarsus.
Fig. 5 in Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs
Fig. 5. Reconstructed pelvic and hindlimb muscles of the theropod dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex. FTI2 M. flexor tibialis internus part two; FTI3 M. flexor tibialis internus part three; IF M. ilio- femoralis; PIFI2 M. puboischio- femoralis internus part two.
Text-fig. 3—Maxilla, TMM 41436-1 (stippled) compared with other tyrannosaurs (sensu Russell, 1970). The height of TMM 41436-1 is used as a standard, a, Tyrannosaurus rex, AMNH 5027, from photograph in Osborn (1912). b, Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506, modified from Russell (1970). c, Albertosaurus libratus, FMNH PR 308, from AMNH negative No. 39113. in Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas
Text-fig. 3—Maxilla, TMM 41436-1 (stippled) compared with other tyrannosaurs (sensu Russell, 1970). The height of TMM 41436-1 is used as a standard, a, Tyrannosaurus rex, AMNH 5027, from photograph in Osborn (1912). b, Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506, modified from Russell (1970). c, Albertosaurus libratus, FMNH PR 308, from AMNH negative No. 39113.
Text-fig. 4—Growth changes in the maxilla of three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Acronyms: H, height of the maxilla at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra; LSAF, length of the second antorbital fenestra; TRL, tooth row length, a, size of the second antorbital fenestra relative to the size of the maxilla, b, rectangularity of the maxilla relative to size. in Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas
Text-fig. 4—Growth changes in the maxilla of three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Acronyms: H, height of the maxilla at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra; LSAF, length of the second antorbital fenestra; TRL, tooth row length, a, size of the second antorbital fenestra relative to the size of the maxilla, b, rectangularity of the maxilla relative to size.
Text-fig. 2—Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, TMM 41436-1, left maxilla, a, lateral view, b, medial view. x 1/4. in Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas
Text-fig. 2—Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, TMM 41436-1, left maxilla, a, lateral view, b, medial view. x 1/4.
Fig. 1 in The pelvic musculature of saurischian dinosaur
Fig. 1. Previously unpublished restorations of the pelvis in saurischian dinsaurs by Dr. W. K. Gregory. For explanation see text.
Fig. 2 in Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Fig. 2.—Skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex, CM 9380 (formerly AMNH 973): missing parts restored in outline except neck and first dorsal vertebra which are drawn from AMNH 5866, now mounted and on exhibition in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), after Osborn.
Fig. 22 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada
Fig. 22. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Left postorbital in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.
Fig. 6 in The pelvic musculature of saurischian dinosaur
Fig. 6. Same as Fig. 5, with ilio-femoralis, flexor tibialis externus, flexor tibialis 2, and femoro-tibialis removed.
Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event
<p><span>Sauropods, the giant long-necked dinosaurs, became the dominant group of large herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems after multiple related lineages became extinct towards the end of the Early Jurassic (190–174 Ma). The causes and precise timing of this key faunal change and as well as the origin of eusauropods (true sauropods) have remained ambiguous mainly due to the scarce dinosaurian fossil record of this time. The Cañadón Asfalto basin in Patagonia (Argentina) contains terrestrial sequences that document this critical interval of dinosaur evolution. Here we report a new dinosaur from this basin that is the oldest eusauropod known with a nearly complete skull and provide precise U-Pb radioisotopic dates that time the rise of eusauropods in Patagonia. We show eusauropod-dominance was established after a massive magmatic event impacting southern Gondwana (180–184 Ma) and coincided with severe perturbations to the climate and a drastic decrease in the floral diversity characterized by the rise of conifers with small scaly leaves. Floral and faunal changes from other regions suggest these were global changes that affected terrestrial ecosystems during the Toarcian warming of climate and formed part of a second-order mass extinction event.</span></p>
Resonance Raman confirms partial hemoglobin preservation in dinosaur remains
<p>Still-soft, hollow, and flexible structures that are morphologically consistent with blood vessels were recovered from demineralized dinosaur bone and studied with resonance Raman techniques to test the hypothesis that these vessel-like structures are original to the dinosaur, and that they maintain endogenous molecular characteristics. We probed these ancient samples using resonance Raman at two different wavelengths, and the existence of a stronger resonance Raman signal level in the green compared to blue excitation is consistent with a hemoglobin, not just heme, absorption resonance. These data imply that the heme moieties preserved in dinosaur soft tissue are still attached to remnant proteins, or fragments thereof. Further, analysis of the Raman spectra of these hemoglobin remnants show damage to the outer regions of the heme ring, indicative of diagenetic change and thus consistent with an ancient endogenous source. Separately, the formation of goethite crystallites still attached to the hemoglobin remnant suggest a possible mechanism for preservation. The latter result follows from the fact that Raman signal resonance occurs only for vibrations on the same molecule as the absorption causing the resonance. Modern and artificially aged analogs show the beginnings of similar processes.</p>
Data from: Additional information on the primitive contour and wing feathering of paravian dinosaurs
Identifying feather morphology in extinct dinosaurs is challenging due to dense overlapping of filaments within fossilized plumage and the fact that some extinct feather morphologies are unlike those of extant birds or those predicted from an 'evo-devo' model of feather evolution. Here, we compare a range of dinosaur taxa with preserved integumentary appendages using high-resolution photographs to better understand fossil feather morphology and gain insight into their function and evolution. A specimen of the basal paravian Anchiornis possesses contour feathers disarticulated from the plumage, revealing a novel feather type: a 'shaggy', open-vaned, bifurcated feather with long barbs attached to a short rachis, which is much simpler than the contour feathers of most extant birds. In contrast, it is likely that the contour feathers of Sinosauropteryx were simpler than those seen in Anchiornis; a 'tuft' morphology of multiple barbs connected at their bases (e.g. via a shared follicle), but lacking a rachis, is tentatively inferred. However, conclusive morphological descriptions await the discovery of isolated Sinosauropteryx contour feathers. Paravian wing feathers also show potentially plesiomorphic traits. Comparison with Confuciusornis suggests that Anchiornis wing feathers were at least partially open-vaned. Combined with the interpretation of Anchiornis contour feathers, this suggests that differentiated barbicels are relatively derived compared to pennaceous feathers and the appearance of wings. 'Shaggy' contour feathers probably influenced thermoregulatory and water repellence abilities, and, in combination with open-vaned wing feathers, would have decreased aerodynamic efficiency. Simplified, open-vaned wing feathers were also observed on the oviraptorosaur Caudipteryx, consistent with, but not necessarily diagnostic of, its suggested flightlessness. Taken together, these observations have broad implications for how we depict a wide variety of dinosaurs and how we view the function and evolution of feathers.
Data from: An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs
The rise of sauropodomorphs is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils in early Norian rocks. Here, we present an association of complete and exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur skeletons that helps filling that gap. They represent a new species, which is recovered as member of a clade solely composed of Gondwanan Triassic taxa. The new species allows defining a set of anatomical changes that shaped sauropodomorph evolution along a period from 233–225 Ma, as recorded in the well dated Late Triassic beds of Brazil. In that time span, apart from achieving a more herbivorous diet, sauropodomorph dinosaurs increased their size in a ratio of 230% and their typical long neck was also established, becoming proportionally twice longer than those of basal taxa. Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian. Finally, the clustered preservation mode of the skeletons represents the oldest evidence of gregarious behaviour among sauropodomorphs.
Data from: From baby birds to feathered dinosaurs incipient wings and the evolution of flight
Reconstructing the tree of life requires deciphering major evolutionary transformations and the functional capacities of fossils with "transitional" morphologies. Some of the most iconic, well-studied fossils with transitional features are theropod dinosaurs, whose skeletons and feathered forelimbs record the origin and evolution of bird flight. However, in spite of over a century of discussion, the functions of forelimb feathers during the evolution of flight remain enigmatic. Both aerodynamic and non-aerodynamic roles have been proposed, but few of the form-function relationships assumed by these scenarios have been tested. Here, we use the developing wings of a typical extant ground bird (Chukar Partridge) as possible analogues/homologues of historical wing forms to provide the first empirical evaluation of aerodynamic potential in flapping theropod "protowings." Immature ground birds with underdeveloped, rudimentary wings generate useful aerodynamic forces for a variety of locomotor tasks. Feather development in these birds resembles feather evolution in theropod dinosaurs, and reveals a predictable relationship between wing morphology and aerodynamic performance that can be used to infer performance in extinct theropods. By spinning an ontogenetic series of spread-wing preparations on a rotating propeller apparatus across a range of flow conditions and measuring aerodynamic force, we explored how changes in wing size, feather structure, and angular velocity might have affected aerodynamic performance in dinosaurs choosing to flap their incipient wings. At slow angular velocities, wings produced aerodynamic forces similar in magnitude to those produced by immature birds during behaviors like wing-assisted incline running. At fast angular velocities, wings produced forces sufficient to support body weight during flight. These findings provide a quantitative, biologically relevant bracket for theropod performance and suggest that protowings could have provided useful aerodynamic function early in maniraptoran history, with improvements in aerodynamic performance attending the evolution of larger wings, more effective feather morphologies, and faster angular velocities.
Data from: How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model
The fossil record is a rich source of information about biological diversity in the past. However, the fossil record is not only incomplete but has also inherent biases due to geological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Our knowledge of past life is also biased because of differences in academic and amateur interests and sampling efforts. As a result, not all individuals or species that lived in the past are equally likely to be discovered at any point in time or space. To reconstruct temporal dynamics of diversity using the fossil record, biased sampling must be explicitly taken into account. Here, we introduce an approach that uses the variation in the number of times each species is observed in the fossil record to estimate both sampling bias and true richness. We term our technique TRiPS (True Richness estimated using a Poisson Sampling model) and explore its robustness to violation of its assumptions via simulations. We then venture to estimate sampling bias and absolute species richness of dinosaurs in the geological stages of the Mesozoic. Using TRiPS, we estimate that 1936 (1543–2468) species of dinosaurs roamed the Earth during the Mesozoic. We also present improved estimates of species richness trajectories of the three major dinosaur clades: the sauropodomorphs, ornithischians and theropods, casting doubt on the Jurassic–Cretaceous extinction event and demonstrating that all dinosaur groups are subject to considerable sampling bias throughout the Mesozoic.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.