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A new, undescribed species of Melanocharis berrypecker from western New Guinea and the evolutionary history of the family Melanocharitidae
<p>Western New Guinea remains one of the last biologically underexplored regions of the world, and much remains to be learned regarding the diversity and evolutionary history of its fauna and flora. During a recent ornithological expedition to the Kumawa Mountains in West Papua, we encountered an undescribed species of <i>Melanocharis</i> berrypecker (Melanocharitidae) in cloud forest at an elevation of 1200 m asl. Its main characteristics are iridescent blue-black upperparts, satin-white underparts washed lemon yellow, and white outer edges to the external rectrices. Initially thought to represent a close relative of the Mid-mountain Berrypecker <i>Melanocharis longicauda</i> based on elevation and plumage <a>color</a> traits, a complete phylogenetic analysis of the genus based on full mitogenomes and genome-wide nuclear data revealed that the new species, which we name Satin Berrypecker <i>Melanocharis citreola</i>, is in fact sister to the phenotypically dissimilar Streaked Berrypecker <i>M. striativentris</i>. Phylogenetic relationships within the family Melanocharitidae, including all presently recognized genera (<i>Toxorhamphus, Oedistoma, Rhamphocharis </i>and<i> Melanocharis</i>), reveal that this family endemic to the island of New Guinea originated during the Miocene (~19 Mya), diversified during the main uplift of New Guinea in the Middle and Late Miocene (14-6 Mya), and represents an evolutionary radiation with substantial diversity in bill morphology and signalling traits across species. <i>Rhamphocharis</i> berrypeckers fall within the <i>Melanocharis</i> clade despite their larger beaks, and should be included in the latter genus. Interspecific genetic distances in <i>Melanocharis</i> are pronounced (average interspecific distance: 8.8% in COI, 12.4% in ND2), suggesting a long history of independent evolution of all lineages corresponding to currently recognized species, including the Satin Berrypecker<i>,</i> which shares a most recent common ancestor with its sister species in the early Pleistocene (~2.0 Mya).</p>
FIGURE 14 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 14. Bulboctenus munduruku sp. nov., genitalia. A–C (MPEG(ARA)36743), male palp; A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral. D–E (MPEG(ARA)002411), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrow indicating the opening of the copulatory duct); E, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae.
FIGURE 16 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 16. Bulboctenus itunaitata sp. nov., genitalia. A–C (MPEG(ARA)002419), male palp; A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral. D–E (MPEG(ARA)002420), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrow indicating opening of the copulatory duct); E, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae.
FIGURE 13 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 13. Bulboctenus munduruku sp. nov., habit, dorsal. A (MPEG(ARA)36743), male; B (MPEG(ARA)002411), female.
FIGURE 10 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 10. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., genitalia. A–C (MPEG(ARA)001723), male palp; A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral. D–E (MPEG(ARA)001712), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrow indicating the opening of the copulatory duct); E, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae.
FIGURE 19 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 19. Geographic distribution records of Bulboctenus gen. nov. A, South America with demarcation of the region of the State of Pará, Brazil; B, Expansion of the Pará regions where the species are distributed.
FIGURE 7 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 7. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. (MPEG(ARA)018548), spinnerets field, ventral. A, male; B, female. Abbreviations: ALS, anterior lateral spinnerets; PLS, posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS, posterior median spinnerets.
FIGURE 9 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 9. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., habit, dorsal. A (MPEG(ARA)0001723), male; B (MPEG(ARA)0001723), female.
FIGURE 6 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 6. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. (MPEG(ARA)018548), leg I. A, C, D, female; B, male. A, tarsus, apical (arrows indicating trichobothria); B, claw tuft of adhesive setae, apical; C, tarsal organ; D, trichobothria. Abbreviations: CT, claw tufts of adhesive setae; TO, tarsal organ.
FIGURE 15 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 15. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., genitalia. A–C (MPEG(ARA)001723), male palp; A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral. D (MPEG(ARA)001723), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrow indicating opening of the copulatory duct). Abbreviations: E, embolus; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURE 5 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 5. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., prossoma, ventral. A (MPEG(ARA)001723), male; B (MPEG(ARA)001712), female.
FIGURE 3 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 3. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. A–B, male; A (MPEG(ARA)001723), coxae and sternum setae, ventral; B (MPEG(ARA)018548), setae base detail (SEM). C–D, female; C (MPEG(ARA)001712), coxae and sternum setae, ventral; D (MPEG(ARA)018548), setae base detail (SEM). Scales of images in detail, 10µm.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 2. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., male. A–C, metatarsi III, ventral; A (MPEG(ARA)001723), metatarsi III with bulbous setae; B–C (MPEG(ARA)018548), bulbous setae detail. D–F, metatarsi IV, ventral; D (MPEG(ARA)001723), metatarsi IV with bulbous setae; E–F (MPEG(ARA)018548), bulbous setae detail.
FIGURE 4 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 4. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. A–D male (MPEG(ARA)018548); A, eyes, frontal; B, Labrum and endites, dorsal (arrow indicating maxillary gland); C, serrula, dorsal; D, chelicerae, ventro-retrolateral. E–F (MPEG(ARA)018548), female; E, palp, retrolateral; F, carapace, dorsal. Abbreviations: ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes.
FIGURE 1 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 1. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. A–C (MPEG(ARA)018548), male palp; A, cymbium, ventral; B, RTA and tibia detail, ventral; C, conductor and embolus detail, retrolateral. D–F (MPEG(ARA)018548), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrows indicating openings of the copulatory ducts); E, dorsal; F, spermathecae and fertilization duct detail, ventral. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CI, cymbium; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RCP, retrolateral cymbial process; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum; TI, tibia; VTP, ventral tibial process.
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 8. Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. (MPEG(ARA)018548), spinnerets field, ventral. A–C, male; A, left ALS; B, left PMS; C, right PLS. D–F, female; D, left ALS; E, PMS left; F, right PLS. Abbreviations: AC, aciniform gland spigot; CY, cylindrical gland spigot; mAP, minor ampullate gland spigot; MAP, major ampullate gland spigot; Nu, nubbin; PI, pyriform gland spigot; TP, tartipore.
FIGURE 18 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 18. Bulbous setae in the metatarsal III of males, ventral. A, Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov. (MPEG(ARA)018548); B, Ctenus similis.
FIGURE 17 in Description of a new Neotropical spider genus in the family Ctenidae Keyserling 1877 (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 17. Bulboctenus munduruku sp. nov., genitalia. A–C (MPEG(ARA)002411), male palp; A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral. D–E (MPEG(ARA)002411), female epigyne; D, ventral (arrow indicating opening of the copulatory duct); E, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral projection; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector; PLP, posterior lateral projection; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae.
Fig. 17 in A new aquatic beetle family, Meruidae, from Venezuela (Coleoptera: Adephaga)
Fig. 17. Biotope at El Tobogán, the type locality of Meru phyllisae. A, The upper cascade looking upstream from the dam; B, the upper cascade looking downstream from the upper edge. C, The edge of the upper cascade showing the wet rock face and stream edge; D, the stream edge at the upper cascade where the root mat habitat was sampled; E, Biotope at El Tobogán, the type locality of Meru phyllisae. A, The dam and pool below the upper cascade looking upstream; F, the pool and forested stream below the cascade looking downstream; G, Section of forested stream below the cascade, looking downstream; H, the open rock surface and edge of a rapid section of the cascade.
Fig. 14. Meru phyllisae, male genitalia. A in A new aquatic beetle family, Meruidae, from Venezuela (Coleoptera: Adephaga)
Fig. 14. Meru phyllisae, male genitalia. A, Median lobe, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views, with parameres (centre), right (upper) and left (lower); B, ring sclerite (ninth sternite).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.