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Figure 3 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny
Figure 3. Anisodon grande. Cranium MNHN Sa 15670: A, left lateral view; B, ventral view with an enlarged and labelled view of the basicranium; C, dorsal view. Anatomical abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; eam, external auditory meatus; fc, foramen caroticum; fo, foramen ovale; gu, guttural fossa; ma, matrix; pog, postglenoid process; shf, stylohyoid fossa; tb, tympanic bulla; vc, vaginal crest. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 9. Dental character states. A, M2–M3 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny
Figure 9. Dental character states. A, M2–M3 of Anisodon grande (lectotype MNHN Sa 9339) (drawing reversed); B, P2–M3 of Moropus elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914); C, P3–M3 of Anisodon macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); D, P3–M3 of Chalicotherium?goldfussi (left maxilla, MHNT VAL-1); E, M –M of Chalico1 3 therium?goldfussi (right hemimandible, MHNT VAL-3) (drawing reversed); F, M2–M3 of A. grande (left hemimandible, MNHN Sa 9341). Not to scale.
Figure 6. Skull CCECM Lgr 1065 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny
Figure 6. Skull CCECM Lgr 1065 (Chalicotherium?goldfussi) from La Grive Saint-Alban: A, right lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 15 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 15. Hypothetical reconstruction of a Late Miocene marine scenario showing the killer sperm whale Zygophyseter attacking a kentriodontid (delphinoid). Painting by Giovanni Bianucci.
Figure 14 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 14. Hypothetical reconstructions of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. A, head in lateral view with a parasagittal section of the nasal area based on Physeter macrocephalus (Heyning, 1989: 36); B, head in dorsal view with evidence for the circular supracranial basin of the skull; C, body in lateral view.
Figure 8 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 8. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Teeth of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, reconstruction of the original orientation of two isolated maxillary teeth; B, three mandibular teeth in place showing the gingival collar and the occlusal wear of the roots; C, D, two isolated maxillary teeth (arrows show the wear due to the opposite teeth).
Figure 9 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 9. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Mandible (A–E) and isolated upper teeth (F, G) of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, anterior view; B, ventral view of the anterior portion of the symphysis; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view of left posterior portion of right dentary; F, lateral or medial views; G, posterior views.
Figure 10 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 10. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Postcranial skeleton of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, atlas; B, D, thoracic vertebrae; E, lumbar vertebra; in (1) anterior, (2) dorsal and (3) lateral views; F–Q, right ribs in lateral view; R, left scapula in medial view.
Figure 6 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 6. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Left incomplete ear bones of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A–F, periotic in (A) dorsal, (B) dorsomedial, (C, D) ventral, (E) medial and (F) anterior views. G, articulated periotic and tympanic bulla in lateral view; H–L, tympanic bulla in (H) dorsal, (J) ventral, (K) medial and (L) anterior views. D shows detail of the anterior process with the accessory ossicle not removed.
Figure 13 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 13. Posterior portion of dentary of (A) Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MAUL 229/1), (B) Naganocetus shigensis (from Hirota & Barnes, 1995: Fig. 9), (C) 'Aulophyseter' rionegrensis (from Gondar, 1975: pl. 1, Fig. c), (D) Physeter macrocephalus (MSNTUP M267), (E) Kogia sima (from Caldwell & Caldwell, 1989: Fig. 6D), (F) Kogia breviceps (MBMS 4000), (G) Mesoplodon bowdoini (MSNTUP M269), (H) Delphinus delphis (MSNTUP M287) and (I) Zygorhiza kochii (cast of USNM 11962). A, medial view; B–I, lateral views. The arrows indicate the location of the condyle.
Figure 7 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 7. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Incomplete left periotic of the holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) medial views.
Figure 5 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 5. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Details (A–D) and lateral view (E) of the cranium of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, narial area in dorsal view; B, foramina and antorbital lamina of maxilla in dorsal view; C, left orbital area in ventral view; D, posteroventral surface. The vertical scale bar refers to A–D.
Figure 4 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 4. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views. The non-preserved portion is reconstructed in dorsal view and is shaded in lateral view.
Figure 3 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 3. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) lateral views.
Figure 2 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 2. Sketch showing in plain view the relative positions of the skeletal elements of MAUL 229/1, holotype of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. as they were preserved. CV, caudal vertebrae; LV, lumbar vertebrae; MD, mandible; RB, ribs; SC(l), left scapula; SC(r), right scapula; SK, skull; TV, thoracic vertebrae.
Figure 1 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 1. Map of south-eastern Italy showing the location of the Cisterna Quarry, the type locality of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov.
FIG. 16 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 16. Borhyaena tuberata MPM-PV 3625 from Puesto Estancia La Costa, Santa Cruz, Argentina; Santa Cruz Formation; Santacrucian, Early Miocene. Ventral view of A, the caudal cranium, with B, key; and MACN-A 5922 (C). Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; cs, carotid sulcus; eam, external acoustic meatus; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; ji, jugular incisure; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal. Unusually, in this specimen the caudal aperture of the inferior petrosal sinus is completely ringed by basioccipital bone. More often, the aperture opens in the basicapsular fissure, between the petrosal and basioccipital, in advance of the jugular foramen. Because the roof of the tympanic cavity is incompletely prepared, actual boundaries of the piriform fenestra are unknown. Asterisk (*) indicates groove for medial contact of petrosal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 9 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 9. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344, in A, oblique ventral and B, lateroventral views, with C, general key. Note that in A the detached bulla is in its original position. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus;?EC,?ectotympanic; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; ewsq, squamosal epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; for, foramen rotundum; FR, frontal; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgc, postglenoid canal;?sat,?sulcus for the auditory tube; sfn, septum for facial nerve; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; SQ, squamosal. Dashed line on left bulla marks suture track, the accuracy of which is undetermined. Asterisk (*) indicates unprepared area, within which the primary jugular foramen is located. The canal conducting the internal jugular and cranial nerves through the left bulla to the secondary jugular foramen on the latter's outer wall can be seen in B (broken during removal of right bulla, no longer identifiable on basicranium). Crosshatching indicates damage due to erosion or bullar removal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 12 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 12. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344. Digital reconstruction of the fragmentary left ectotympanic based on micro-CT data in A, rostral, B, lateral, and C, medial views. D, horizontal section of the left middle ear in dorsal view, showing fragments of ectotympanic (asterisk, *). Abbreviations: BO, basioccipital; cac, caudal crus;?chtym, groove for chorda tympani nerve (CNVII); ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; cty, crista tympani; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; jfis, jugular fissure;?gma, groove for rostral process of malleus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); pgc, postglenoid canal; roc, rostral crus; rtpsq, rostral tympanic process of squamosal; SQ, squamosal; stp, styliform process (= anterolateral process of ectotympanic); tpex, tympanic process of exoccipital.
FIG. 26 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 26. Features related to blood vessels in representative sparassodonts: A, Thylacosmilus atrox, external features (based on Thylacosmilus atrox, holotype, FMNH P14531); B–C, Lycopsis longirostrus, external and internal features (based on UCMP 38061 and Marshall, 1977b) Abbreviations: bsp, basilar plexus; cc, carotid canal; CNV3, mandibular branch of trigeminal (cranial) nerve; CNVII, facial (cranial) nerve; CNXII, hypoglossal (cranial) nerve; cars, cavernous sinus; csvs, cerebrospinal venous system; cv, condyloid vein; cvv, craniovertebral vein; cx, canal x (see fig. 6 and text); evfo, emissary vein of foramen ovale; fo, foramen ovale;?fsp, foramen spinosum; hf, hypoglossal foramen; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ijv, internal jugular vein; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; mmv, middle meningeal vein; ophv, ophthalmic vein; ramx, ramus anastomoticus; sev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen; sphev, sphenoidal emissary vein (= vein of Vesalius); sphps, sphenoparietal sinus; sps, superior petrosal sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus. Only major channels are indicated. The position and relations of most of the large vessels leaving impressions on the basicranium, such as the internal carotid, sphenoparietal emissary vein, and inferior petrosal sinus are not controversial. However, other features, also evidently related to vasculature, have received less attention. As explained in the text, in addition to CNV3, in Thylacosmilus the foramen ovale may have transmitted a large vein to the extracranial pharyngeal plexus. In the absence of a functioning and intact stapedial system, the foramen here identified as the foramen spinosum (?fsp) may have given passage to an anastomotic ramus running from the maxillary artery to the meningeal system, although this task could have been performed by other vessels (e.g., the ophthalmic artery) that have left no mark. The large groove identified as the basijugular sulcus (bjs, see fig. 6), connecting the caudal aperture for the inferior petrosal sinus to the hypoglossal foramen/foramina in many sparassodonts, surely transported the sinus itself. However, instead of leaving for the internal jugular vein, the inferior petrosal sinus seems to have re-entered the endocranium through one or another of the hypoglossal foramina, only to immediately leave again through the foramen magnum, now as the (conjectured) craniovertebral vein (cvv). Asterisk (*) indicates the likely connection between the internal jugular vein and the craniovertebral vein. How drainage through the sinus in this scenario would have related to that through the internal jugular system is unclear. There is some indication that the internal jugular was relatively small in size, although how this affected endocranial drainage cannot be inferred from the material available. In all investigated sparassodonts the posttemporal foramen for the diploic artery and vein are missing. Thylacosmilus evidently lacked a transverse venous foramen, but one is present in Lycopsis and other taxa (see text).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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