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Fig. 5 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 5. Overview of the other objects found in the sample. A. Object 3 could not be identified with certainty, but is likely part of a sclerite from the flank. B. Sclerite 9 might be from the dorsal articulation. C. Objects 15 and 16 might belong to the same, incomplete sclerite. D. Sclerite 11 preserves only the dorsal flange. E. Objects 8, 12, 13, and 14 might actually be parts of two sclerites as indicated by the white lines.

Fig. 6 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 6. View of a pair of 3D-prints of articulated right (1) and left (2) sclerites from obliquely posterior (A) and dorsal (B) views. Note the perfect fit of the sclerites. Within the hinge of sclerite 1 in B, the indentation on the right of the hinge flange is an artefact from tresholding (probably, the shell was too thin in that place). Sclerites 1 and 2 were enlarged 25 times (for original dimensions see Fig. 4).

Fig. 1 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 1. Machaeridian annelid Lepidocoleus kuangguoduni sp. nov., Nandan Formation, Eifelian, near Napiao, Guangxi (China). A. The main plate containing most machaeridian sclerites. B. The counterplate of the same specimen (it was glued back onto the slab prior to CT-scanning); note the limonitic filling of the rugae and the chaotic arrangement of the plates.

Fig. 8 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 8. Orientation of the 70 dacryoconarids in the sample. A. Rose diagram showing the lineations of the dacryoconarids (numbers 5 and 8 refer to dacryoconarid counts; note that both the tip and aperture where counted of each object resulting in double counts). B. Rose diagram showing dacryoconarids whose apices are higher (open rectangles) and lower (closed rectangles) positioned than their corresponding open ends in relation to an imagined x-y-plane.

Fig. 9 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 9. Comparison between the known species of Lepidocoleus and L. kuangguoduni sp. nov. with number of sclerites, age, and geographic occurrence indicated; lateral (A) and dorsal (E) views of the fossils, images of sclerites (B), outlines of sclerites (C), cross sections, to show the proportions of the dorsal depression (D).

Fig. 4 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 4. Overview of the almost complete sclerites from the 3D-analysis (orthographic perspective). Group I: sclerites 1, 4, 6 (A–C) and group II: sclerites 2, 5, 7, 10 (D–G). Internal (A1–G1), lateral (A2–G2), dorsal (A3–G3), posterior (A4–G4), and anterior (A5–G5) views.

Fig. 7 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 7. Overview of objects interpreted as dacryoconarids surrounding the machaeridian sclerites. A. All objects including the ones discarded for further analysis (light grey). B. Dacryoconarids selected for measurements (red).

Fig. 3 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 3. Overview over the assemblage of the sixteen 3D-objects which were created from different viewpoints. Orthographic top (A) and front (B) views. Orthographic top view (C), projected on the sample to show the position of the 3D-model in the correct position on the x-y-plane and corresponding viewing directions. Orthographic left side (D) and right side (E) views.

Fig. 3 in New archaeorthopteran insects from the Carboniferous of Poland: Insights into tangled taxonomy

Fig. 3. Forewing venation of archaeorthopteran insect Nacekomia rossae Richardson, 1956, holotype (FM PE791), Pensylvannian, Moscovian (Westphalian D), Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, Ilinois, USA.

Fig. 4 in New archaeorthopteran insects from the Carboniferous of Poland: Insights into tangled taxonomy

Fig. 4. Forewing venation of archaeorthopteran insect Parapalaeomastax dariuszi gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MP ISEA ISEA I−F/MP/1540/20/09), Carboniferous, Pensylvannian, Langsettian (Westphalian A), Sosnowiec-Klimontów, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. Photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). Abbreviations: A1, first anal vein; CuA, cubital anterior; CuPa/b, anterior/posterior branch of cubital posterior; MA/P, media anterior/ posterior; RA/P, radius anterior/posterior; ScP, subcosta posterior.

Fig. 2 in New archaeorthopteran insects from the Carboniferous of Poland: Insights into tangled taxonomy

Fig. 2. Forewing venation of archaeorthopteran insect Owadpteron dareki sp. nov., holotype (MP ISEA I−F/MP/1488/26a,b/08), Carboniferous, Pensylvannian, Langsettian (Westphalian A), Sosnowiec-Klimontów, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. Photograph of imprint (A1) and counterimprint (A2), and explanatory drawing (A3). Abbreviations: (+), convex vein; (-), concave vein; A1, first anal vein; CuA, cubital anterior; CuPa/b, anterior/ posterior branch of cubital posterior; CuPaα/β, cubital anterior/posterior branch of CuPa; M, media; MP, media posterior; RA/P, radius anterior/posterior; ScP, subcosta posterior.

Fig. 1 in New archaeorthopteran insects from the Carboniferous of Poland: Insights into tangled taxonomy

Fig. 1. Forewing venation of archaeorthopteran insect Omaliella polonica sp. nov., holotype (MP ISEA I−F/MP/8/1676/17), Carboniferous, Pensylvannian, Duckmantian (Westphalian B), Leszczyny-Czerwionka nearby the Knurów, Upper Silesia, Poland. Photograph in dry state (A1), under a film of ethanol (A2), and explanatory drawing (A3). Abbreviations: A1, first anal vein; CuA, cubital anterior; CuPa/b, anterior/posterior branch of cubital posterior; M, media; MA/P, media anterior/posterior; RA/P, radius anterior/posterior; ScP, subcosta posterior.

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Fig. 5 in Deep-water fossorial shrimps from the Oligocene Kiscell Clay of Hungary: Taxonomy and palaeoecology

Fig. 5. Minor chelae of fossorial shrimp Ctenocheles rupeliensis (Beurlen, 1939), Óbuda in Budapest, Late Kiscellian. A. Left minor propodus (HNHM M.59.4700). B. Right minor propodus (HNHM M.59.4869). C. Minor propodus articulated with dactylus (HNHM M.59.4691). D. Articulated left minor chela (HNHM M.59.4682). All specimens are paralectotypes selected herein. All specimens are figured to the same scale and were covered with ammonium chloride (except D) prior to photography. Photographs by MH.

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Fig. 2 in Deep-water fossorial shrimps from the Oligocene Kiscell Clay of Hungary: Taxonomy and palaeoecology

Fig. 2. Fossorial shrimp Lepidophthalmus crateriferus (Lőrenthey in Lőrenthey and Beurlen, 1929) comb. nov., Óbuda in Budapest, Late Kiscellian. A. Left major cheliped of presumed male (HNHM M.59.4684b). B. Isolated left major propodus (HNHM M.59.4690). C. Left major cheliped of presumed male (C 1); neotype herein designated (lectotype of Callianassa brevimanus Beurlen, 1939) (HNHM M.59.4684a). Detail of C 1 under different light angle showing carpus and merus (C 2). Line drawing of merus depicted in C 2 (C 3). Note presence of distal meral hook and blade (see also white arrows in A and C 1). D. Presumed female specimen with both chelae (HNHM M.59.4720). E. Imprint of mesial surface of right major propodus (HNHM M.59.4683). Note setal pits close to upper margin of the chela. All specimens except HNHM M.59.4684a are paralectotypes of C. brevimanus selected herein. All specimens are figured to the same scale and were covered with ammonium chloride (except C ) prior to photography. Photographs by MH.

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Fig. 3 in Deep-water fossorial shrimps from the Oligocene Kiscell Clay of Hungary: Taxonomy and palaeoecology

Fig. 3. Fossorial shrimp Lepidophthalmus crateriferus (Lőrenthey in Lőrenthey and Beurlen, 1929) comb. nov., Óbuda in Budapest, Late Kiscellian; presumed male morphotypes unless stated otherwise. A. Right major propodus (KGP-MH OT-007). B. Left major propodus articulated with dactylus of presumed female (KGP-MH OT-003). C. Left major propodus (KGP-MH OT-009). D. Left major propodus (KGP-MH OT-006). E. Fragmentary left major propodus (KGP-MH OT-008). F. Right major propodus (KGP-MH OT-010). G. Right major propodus (KGP-MH OT-001). H. Right major propodus of presumed female (KGP-MH OT-002). I. Right minor propodus of indeterminate sex (KGP-MH OT-011). J. Left major propodus of presumed female KGP-MH OT-005). K. Right minor propodus of indeterminate sex (KGP-MH OT-004). L. Left major dactylus (KGP-MH OT-017). M. Right major dactylus (KGP-MH OT-013). N. Right minor(?) dactylus (KGP-MH OT-012). O. Left major dactylus (KGP-MH OT-016). All elements are depicted in lateral aspect except D–F and J which are depicted in mesial view. All specimens are figured to the same scale and were covered with ammonium chloride prior to photography. Photographs by MH.

Fig. 3 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 3. Late Miocene capybara Cardiatherium paranense (Ameghino, 1883a), MLP 87-XI-1-3a, from Paraná River cliffs, Huayquerian SALMA, in ventral (A, B) and left lateral (C, anterior to left) views. A. Skull measurements. B. Skull landmarks: 1, posterior limit of anterior root of the zygomatic arch; 2, lateralmost point of prism I of P4, measured on the alveolar rim; 3, anteriormost point of scar marking the origin of the masseter superficialis muscle; 4, anterior limit of anterior root of the zygomatic arch; 5, midpoint of posterior margin of incisive foramen; 6, midpoint between both P4s at the level of prism I on the maxillary suture. C. Skull landmarks: 1, posterior end of incisive foramen; 2, anterior limit of anterior root of the zygomatic arch; 3, posterior limit of anterior root of the zygomatic arch; 4, point between M1 and M2 on the alveolar plane; 5, point between P4 and M1 on the alveolar plane; 6, point in front of P4 on the alveolar plane; α, angle formed by the anterior root of the zygomatic arch and the alveolar margin of the cheek teeth in lateral view.

Fig. 2 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 2. Tooth nomenclature (A), measurements (B), and landmarks (1–8)/ semilandmarks (small circles) (C) on right P4 of Cardiatherium paranense Ameghino, 1883a). 1, labial end of prism I; 2, lingual end of prism I; 3, maximum depth of fundamental internal flexus; 4, lingual end of prism II; 5, labial end of prism II; 6, maximum depth of primary external flexus; 7, labialmost point of isthmus; 8, maximum depth of secondary external flexus.

Fig. 6 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 6. Occlusal view of the right upper teeth of Late Miocene capybaras Cardiatherium paranense (Ameghino, 1883a) (A–L) and C. aff. orientalis (M, N). C–E, H, N, reversed. A. MACN 3353, M3. B. MLP 71-VI-16-1, P4–M2. C. MLP 69-XII-2-19, P4–M1. D. MLP 87-XI-1-2, M3. E. MLP 40-XI-15- 2, P4–M3. F. MLP 87-XI-1-3, P4–M1. G. MLP 41-XII-13-153, P4–M3. H. MLP 87-XI-1-1, P4–M1. I. MLP 87-XI-1-3a, P4–M2. J. MLP 87-XI-1-27, P4–M3. K. MACN 13434, P4–M1. L. MLP 41-XII-13-161, M3. M. GHUNLPam 5236, P4–M1. N. GHUNLPam 14452, P4–M3.

Fig. 7 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 7. Late Miocene capybara Cardiatherium aff. orientalis Pascual and Bondesio, 1982, GHUNLPam 14452 from Laguna Chillhué, Huayquerian SALMA, in ventral (A) and lateral (B) views (anterior to the left). Dotted area, sediment.

Fig. 5 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 5. Late Miocene capybara Cardiatherium paranense (Ameghino, 1883a), MLP 87-XI-1-27, holotype of Anatochoerus inusitatus Vucetich and Mones in Mones, 1991 from Paraná River cliffs, Huayquerian SAL- MA, in ventral (A), lateral (B), and dorsal (C) views.