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2,291 results for “life history”
Fig. 1 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood consensus tree for Antispastis Meyrick inferred based on DNA barcode sequences (668 bp of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support.
Fig. 2 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus
Fig. 2. Adult morphology of Antispastis clarkei: A, pinned-dried adult female, dorsal view; B, fore and hind wings, respectively, dorsal (seta points to fused A1+2 on hind wing); C, mouth parts, antero-dorsal (open and closed arrows indicate proboscis and maxillary palpus, respectively; asterisk marks labial palpus); D, vesica in detail, ventral (area marked with rectangle in E); E, male genitalia, ventral; F, corpus bursae, ventral; G, signum in detail (area marked with rectangle in F); H, female genitalia, ventral (open arrow points to missing distal portion of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, broken off during preparation). Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B); 50, 50, 100, 200, 100, 200 µm, from C to H, respectively.
Figs. 10–13. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897 in A morphological reappraisal of the immature stages and life history of Elachista synethes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae), an Australian leaf miner alien to Chile
Figs. 10–13. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897. Last larval instar: 10, head chaetotaxy, frontal view; 11, thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; 12–13, head and prothorax, dorsal and ventral views, respectively (open arrows indicate prothoracic legs). Scale bars = 150, 300, 200 and 200 µm, respectively.
Figs. 37–43 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil
Figs. 37–43. Scanning electron micrographs of Palaeomystella beckeri pupa: (37) head, ventral view; (38, 39) cephalic setae, on frons and clypeus, respectively (enlarged areas in A); (40) spiracle on abdominal segment A3; (41, 42) cremaster, in dorsal view (41), apical process in detail (42) and lateral view (43). Scale bars = 200, 25, 20, 20, 20, 10 and 50 µm, respectively.
Figs. 18–21 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil
Figs. 18–21. Palaeomystella beckeri last larval instar: (18) cephalic chaetotaxy, frontal view; (19) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral; (20) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal; (21) body, lateral. Scale bars = 500 µm, 1 mm, respectively.
Figs. 29–40. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897 in A morphological reappraisal of the immature stages and life history of Elachista synethes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae), an Australian leaf miner alien to Chile
Figs. 29–40. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897. Scanning electron micrographs of pupa:29, head and thorax, dorsal view; 30, head, anterior; 31, head, ventral; 32, mesothoracic lateral tubercles in detail, dorsal; 33, terga of abdominal segments A2-4, dorsal view; 34, tergal ridges in detail, dorsal; 35, spiracle of abdominal segment A2, lateral; 36, spiracle of abdominal segment A6, dorsal; 37–39, last abdominal segments, in dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively; 40, cremaster setae on ninth abdominal segment, lateral. Scale bars = 200, 150, 150, 100, 200, 25, 250, 20, 100, 100, 100 and 20 µm, respectively.
Figs. 34–36 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil
Figs. 34–36. Palaeomystella beckeri pupa, in dorsal (34), ventral (35) and lateral (36) views, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figs. 6–17 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil
Figs. 6–17. Palaeomystella beckeri adult morphology: (6) wing venation; (7) uncus, lateral view; (8) male valva, mesolateral; (9) male eighth sternum, ventral; (10) transtilla, dorsal; (11) juxta, ventral; (12) aedeagus with attached juxta (asterisk), lateral; (13) male genitalia, lateral (arrow and asterisk indicate transtilla and juxta, respectively); (14) male genitalia, ventral (transtilla, aedeagus and juxta are omitted); (15) female ostium bursae, ventral (asterisk and arrow indicate ostium bursae margin and adjacent semi-circular, melanized area of antrum, respectively); (16) female genitalia, lateral; (17) female genitalia, ventral (ductus and corpus bursae are omitted). Scale bars = 1 mm; 100, 100, 200, 100, 100, 100, 200, 200, 50, 250 and 250 µm, respectively.
Figs. 1–5 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil
Figs. 1–5. Palaeomystella beckeri adult: (1, 3) head and thorax, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; (2) resting female with wings folded, latero-dorsal; (4) spread right wings of pinned male, dorsal; (5) female abdomen, ventral. Scale bars = 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1 and 0.4 mm, respectively.
Figure 5 in Effects of salinity tolerances on survival and life history of 2 cladocerans
Figure 5. Net reproductive rate (R) of S. mucronata under 0 different salt concentrations (with regression equations) in 8-day experiments (with 95% confidence interval).
Figure 3 in Effects of salinity tolerances on survival and life history of 2 cladocerans
Figure 3. Total progeny of S. mucronata under different salt concentrations (with regression equations) in 8-day experiments (with 95% confidence interval).
Fig. 2. Plots A-B in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 2. Plots A-B. Hypothetical thermal curves of the free-living stages of two parasite populations with different thermal adaptation histories and similar thermal optimum (highest point in the curve). The blue curve represents a population adapted to a highly variable environment and the orange curve a population adapted to a less variable environment. The dashed black line is a hypothetical current mean temperature in the environment and the dashed grey line represents an increased mean temperature as a consequence of climate change. In plot A, the historical temperature sits close to the thermal optimum in both populations, and an increase in temperature results in a decrease in parasite performance, which is greater for the parasite adapted to the less variable environment. In plot B, the historical temperature is well below the thermal optimum of both parasites, and an increase in temperature results in improved performance for both parasites. In both scenarios, an increase in mean temperature causes a much higher relative change in performance in the population from the less variable environment as indicated in the difference in size among the shade areas. Plot C shows the hypothetical temperature and thermal development ranges for the free-living stages of parasites inhabiting three different latitudes. The temperature range increases with latitude but the development range of parasites does not because, although the thermal range in high latitudes is wider, a large portion of this range occurs <0 ◦C. While parasites from high latitudes might be highly resistant to freezing temperatures, they are also more vulnerable to high temperatures. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 1. Schematic of two types of life cycles of parasitic nematodes highlighting stage-specific interactions with the environment and hosts, and adaptations to cope with extreme environmental conditions: A) direct life cycle and B) specific indirect life cycle of protostrongylid parasites. In red are indicated the developmental stages of the parasite. The performance (e.g., survival rate, development rate) of developmental stages in the orange area is directly influenced by changes in environmental conditions. Developmental stages in light blue area are indirectly influenced by environmental conditions experienced by the definitive or intermediate hosts. The effect of the environment on the L3 of protostrongylids can be direct or indirect depending if the L3 migrates out of the intermediate host (direct) or if the L3 remains in the intermediate host (indirect). In the inner triangles, examples of stage-specific adaptations to cope with extremes are indicated. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism
Fig. 1. Locations and land cover of sampling sites of Tabankulu village, Simunye town, and Mbuluzi Game Reserve in northeastern Eswatini (Eswatini Sentinel2 Land Use Land Cover 2016).
Fig. 15 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 15. Cicadella viridis eggs in common rush.
Fig. 14 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 14. Aphrophora salicina eggs in a willow twig.
Data from: Quantitative genetics of immunity and life history under different photoperiods
Insects with complex life-cycles should optimize age and size at maturity during larval development. When inhabiting seasonal environments, organisms have limited reproductive periods and face fundamental decisions: individuals that reach maturity late in season have to either reproduce at a small size or increase their growth rates. Increasing growth rates is costly in insects due to higher juvenile mortality, decreased adult survival, or increased susceptibility to parasitism by bacteria and viruses via compromised immune function. Environmental changes such as seasonality can also alter the quantitative genetic architecture. Here we explore the quantitative genetics of life history and immunity traits under two experimentally induced seasonal environments in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Seasonality affected the life history but not the immune phenotypes. Individuals under decreasing day length developed slower and grew to a bigger size. We found ample additive genetic variance and heritability for components of immunity (haemocyte densities, proPhenoloxidase activity, resistance against Serratia marcescens), and for the life history traits, age and size at maturity. Despite genetic covariance among traits, the structure of G was inconsistent with genetically based trade-off between life history and immune traits (e.g., a strong positive genetic correlation between growth rate and haemocyte density was estimated). However, conditional evolvabilities support the idea that genetic covariance structure limits the capacity of individual traits to evolve independently. We found no evidence for GxE interactions arising from the experimentally induced seasonality.
Data from: Ontogenetic timing as a condition-dependent life history trait: high-condition males develop quickly, peak early and age fast
Within-population variation in ageing remains poorly understood. In males, condition-dependent investment in secondary sexual traits may incur costs which limit ability to invest in somatic maintenance. Moreover, males often express morphological and behavioural secondary sexual traits simultaneously, but the relative effects on ageing of investment in these traits remain unclear. We investigated the condition-dependence of male life history in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis. Using a fully factorial design, we manipulated male early-life condition by varying nutrient content of the larval diet and, subsequently, manipulated opportunity for adult males to interact with rival males. We found that high-condition males developed more quickly and reached their reproductive peak earlier in life, but also experienced faster reproductive ageing and died sooner than low-condition males. By contrast, interactions with rival males reduced male lifespan but did not affect male reproductive ageing. High condition in early life is therefore associated with rapid ageing in T. angusticollis males, even in the absence of damaging male-male interactions. Our results show that abundant resources during the juvenile phase are used to expedite growth and development and enhance early-life reproductive performance at the expense of late-life performance and survival, demonstrating a clear link between male condition and ageing.
Data from: The role of fish life histories in allometrically scaled food-web dynamics
1. Body size determines key ecological and evolutionary processes of organisms. Therefore, organisms undergo extensive shifts in resources, competitors and predators as they grow in body size. While empirical and theoretical evidence show that these size-dependent ontogenetic shifts vastly influence the structure and dynamics of populations, theory on how those ontogenetic shifts affect the structure and dynamics of ecological networks is still virtually absent. 2. Here, we expand the Allometric Trophic Network (ATN) theory in the context of aquatic food webs to incorporate size-structure in the population dynamics of fish species. We do this by modifying a food web generating algorithm, the niche model, to produce food webs where different fish life-history stages are described as separate nodes which are connected through growth and reproduction. Then, we apply a bioenergetic model that uses the food webs and the body sizes generated by our niche model to evaluate the effect of incorporating life-history structure into food web dynamics. 3. We show that the larger the body size of a fish species respective to the body size of its preys, the higher the biomass attained by the fish species and the greater the ecosystem stability. We also find that the larger the asymptotic body size attained by fish species the larger the total ecosystem biomass, a result that holds true or both the largest fish in the ecosystem and each fish species in the ecosystem. 4. This work provides an expanded ATN theory that generates food webs with life-history structure for chosen species. Our work offers a systematic approach for disentangling the effects of increasing life-history complexity in food-wed models.
Data from: Paths to selection on life history loci in different natural environments across the native range of Arabidopsis thaliana
Selection on quantitative trait loci (QTL) may vary among natural environments due to differences in the genetic architecture of traits, environment-specific allelic effects or changes in the direction and magnitude of selection on specific traits. To dissect the environmental differences in selection on life history QTL across climatic regions, we grew a panel of interconnected recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana in four field sites across its native European range. For each environment, we mapped QTL for growth, reproductive timing and development. Several QTL were pleiotropic across environments, three colocalizing with known functional polymorphisms in flowering time genes (CRY2, FRI and MAF2-5), but major QTL differed across field sites, showing conditional neutrality. We used structural equation models to trace selection paths from QTL to lifetime fitness in each environment. Only three QTL directly affected fruit number, measuring fitness. Most QTL had an indirect effect on fitness through their effect on bolting time or leaf length. Influence of life history traits on fitness differed dramatically across sites, resulting in different patterns of selection on reproductive timing and underlying QTL. In two oceanic field sites with high prereproductive mortality, QTL alleles contributing to early reproduction resulted in greater fruit production, conferring selective advantage, whereas alleles contributing to later reproduction resulted in larger size and higher fitness in a continental site. This demonstrates how environmental variation leads to change in both QTL effect sizes and direction of selection on traits, justifying the persistence of allelic polymorphism at life history QTL across the species range.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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