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Figure 3 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 3. Nacella clypeater, Central Chile, South America. Scale bar = 1.0 cm for all unless specified otherwise. A = La Misión, B = Tubul, C = Coquimbo. A–F, shell morphology and coloration of Nacella clypeater. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G, mantle tentacles, cephalic tentacles and foot coloration patterns. H, radula. I, distribution.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 1. Distribution of Nacella in different provinces of the Southern Ocean, including South America, maritime Antarctica and sub-Antarctic Islands. Major ocenographic currents and sudivisions includes SAACF = Southern ACC Front, PF = Polar Front, and SAF = sub-Antarctic Front. Coloured areas show the distribution of the analysed species.

Figure 13 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 13. Evolutionary relationships of sampled Nacella (Nacellidae) based on the concatenated datasets of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (659 bp) and the 28S rRNA (839 bp) genes. Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of Nacella relationships based on mtDNA (COI) and nucDNA (28S rRNA) sequences. Bootstrap support values for MP, ML and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown above the nodes (in that order). Maps and colours indicate major sampled areas.

Figure 2 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 2. Nacella yaghana sp. nov. Pía and Garibaldi fjords, Beagle Channel, southern South America. Scale bar = 1.0 cm for all unless specified otherwise. A, B = Pía Fjord, C = Garibaldi Fjord. A–F, shell morphology and coloration of Nacella yaghana sp. nov. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G, mantle tentacles, cephalic tentacles and foot colorations. H, radula. I, distribution. J–K, radular morphology (SEM).

Figure 8 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 8. Nacella concinna, maritime Antarctica. Scale bar = 1.0 cm for all unless specified otherwise. A = Fildes Bay, South Shetland Islands, B = Marguerite Bay, Anvers Island, C = South Georgia. A–F, shell morphology and coloration of Nacella concinna. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G, mantle tentacles, cephalic tentacles and foot coloration patterns. H, radula. I, distribution.

Figure 12 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 12. Nacella terroris, Campbell Island, sub-Antarctic New Zealand. Scale bar = 1.0 cm for all unless specified otherwise. A–C, Perseverance Harbour, Campbell Island. A–F, shell morphology and coloration of Nacella terroris. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G, mantle tentacles, cephalic tentacles and foot coloration patterns. H, radula. I, distribution.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America

Figure 5. Nacella deaurata, Patagonia, South America. Scale bar = 1.0 cm for all unless specified otherwise. A = Port Famine, B = Navarino Island, C = Falkland/Malvinas. A–F, shell morphology and coloration of Nacella deaurata. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G, mantle tentacles, cephalic tentacles and foot coloration patterns. H, radula. I, distribution.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators. in Camelidae

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

opennotspecifiedMay 2011View details →

Figure 10 in Three new genera of Banchinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Central and South America

Figure 10. Valdiviglypta nimbus holotype female, (A) propodeum, dorsal, (B) propodeum and first to third tergites of metasoma.

opennotspecifiedMay 2011View details →

Figure 7 in Three new genera of Banchinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Central and South America

Figure 7. Pristiboea leiomano holotype female, (A) propodeum, lateral, (B) pronotum, lateral, (C) hind tibia, outer face.

opennotspecifiedMay 2011View details →

Figure 2 in Three new genera of Banchinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Central and South America

Figure 2. Terrylee peruensis holotype female, head, mesosoma and first tergite of metasoma, lateral.

FIGURE 2. A in First record of Cnemidochroma phyllopus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina and potential distribution in the southern part of South America

FIGURE 2. A) Geographical distribution of C. phyllopus allocated to countries. Occurrence records are shown as white circles; white square is the new locality record. Countries are identified with different colors: Argentina (light blue), Brazil (green), Paraguay (yellow) and Uruguay (purple). B) Model calibration map (test data are shown as red circles- and training data as -blackcircles). Calibration area (M) marked in yellow around the records. Biogeographic provinces are indicated with different colors: Caatinga (red), Araucaria Forest (blue), Atlantic (green), Pampean (brown), Chacoan (light blue) and Parana Forest (lilac).

FIGURE 3. A in First record of Cnemidochroma phyllopus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina and potential distribution in the southern part of South America

FIGURE 3. A) Potential suitable areas throughout the historical distribution for C. phyllopus based on the best model. Warmer colors (e.g., red) indicate areas of higher climatic suitability, whereas cooler colors (e.g., green) represent areas with lower climatic suitability. B) Binary map showing habitat suitability for C. phyllopus. Biogeographic provinces, as they are shown in figure 2B, are delimited by lines. Occurrence records are shown as black circles; white square is the new locality record.

FIGURE 1 in First record of Cnemidochroma phyllopus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina and potential distribution in the southern part of South America

FIGURE 1. Cnemidochroma phyllopus, dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) habitus of male, deposited in the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (CARTROUNNE 9063). Corrientes, Argentina.

FIGURE 2 in Paraboeremia yungensis sp. nov., a new fungal species isolated from Las Yungas, South America, with promising tyrosinase production potential

FIGURE 2. Paraboeremia yungensis (LY 38.7). a. Colony on OA (front and reverse). b. Colony on MEA (front and reverse). c. Colony on PDA (front and reverse). d. Scanning electron micrograph of mature pycnidium with subtending mycelium developed on OA. e. Scanning electron micrograph of conidia covered with a mucilaginous sheath. f. Pycnidium. g. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. h. Conidia with polar guttules. Scale bars (d,f) 25 μm, (g,h) 2 μm, (e) 1 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Paraboeremia yungensis sp. nov., a new fungal species isolated from Las Yungas, South America, with promising tyrosinase production potential

FIGURE 1. Cladogram obtained using RAxML to analyse the concatenated DNA sequence data of ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB2. The phylogenetic position of Paraboeremia yungensis is shown in blocks. Group support values are presented above the branches (ML bootstrap values/Bayesian posterior probabilities). Vacuiphoma bulgarica (CBS 357.84) was used as outgroup for rooting the tree in all the analyses.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 3 in Epidendrum katarun-yariku (Orchidaceae), a new species of the Schistochilum group from the tepuis of the Guiana Highlands in South America

FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Epidendrum katarun-yariku in Venezuela and Brazil. (map by Mateusz Wrazidlo).

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 2. Epidendrum katarun-yariku. A in Epidendrum katarun-yariku (Orchidaceae), a new species of the Schistochilum group from the tepuis of the Guiana Highlands in South America

FIGURE 2. Epidendrum katarun-yariku. A. Plant in its natural habitat on Abacapá-tepuí, Chimantá Massif, Venezuela (photographed by Brad Wilson). B. Inflorescence photographed on a wild plant on Amurí-tepuí, Chimantá Massif, Venezuela (photographed by Martin Hingst). C. Flower on a specimen from Acopán-tepuí (photographed by Mateusz Wrazidlo).