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FIG. 5 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 5. — Photos of selected dog breeds originating in the Americas. A-J, dogs from North America; K-P, dogs from South and Central America and Cuba. All photo images are from Shutterstock, photo credit is indicated in parenthesis. A, Alaskan Malamute, 19 months old (Eric Isselee); B, Longhaired whippet (MirasWonderland); C, American bulldog puppy, five months old (Erik Lam); D, American cocker spaniel standing with reflection on white background, three years old (WilleeCole Photography); E, three American hairless terriers (Dora Zett); F, Chesapeake Bay retriever (Erik Lam); G, American Akita (Jagodka); H, Silken Windhound (Erik Lam); I, Siberian Husky, four years old (Eric Isselee); J, Miniature American shepherd (MirasWonderland); K, young chihuahuas (cynoclub); L, Xoloitzcuintli,Mexican hairless dog (Masarik); M, Peruvian hairless dog, one year old (Rosa Jay); N, young Bichon Havanese dog (Dorottya Mathe); O, Brazilian Fox-terrier (venturinirica); P, Argentinian Dogo (GeptaYs).

FIG. 2 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 2. — Remains of pre-Columbian domestic dogs as reported in the nineteenth century. Drawings of remains of domestic dogs excavated from the graves of Ancon in Peru, as depicted in Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: plates 117, 118; picture modified to exclude the depiction of a fox-like animal). A, mummies, as well as skull with mandible of one mummy, of shepherd-like domestic dogs; B, skulls and mandibles of shepherd-like, dachshund-like, and bulldog-like domestic dogs as well as long bones of the forelimb of a dachshund-like domestic dog. Two of these skulls are also depicted in Figure 3. Available from the IberoAmerikanisches Institut (Preussischer Kulturbesitz), https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/image/1681616637/225/ and https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/ image/1681616637/229/, last consultation on 30 November 2021. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 4 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 4. — Skulls of putative pre-Columbian domestic dogs at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Skulls are housed in the Nehring-Collection (Zoologische Sammlung der KÖniglichen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule zu Berlin). A, "Inca dog" from Ancon (Zm 355), Peru (Nehring 1884), annotated as "Inca dog from Ancon, 1889" (as noted in the collection catalogue [1886] and as written on the actual specimen). This specimen most likely does not belong to the collection described by Nehring (1884: fig. 3) and Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: fig. 1), which also originated from the graves in Ancon, Peru, but which are assumed to have been destroyed in the World Wars (Ueck 1961; B, C, Pre-Columbian dogs (7031 and 7013) from Puebla, Mexico, Nehring-Collection. Specimens are without present-day collection numbers. Every skull is depicted in dorsal, ventral, and lateral view (from left to right), where the lateral view of B is mirrored. B, "7031" and C, "7013" although also housed in the Nehring-Collection, were found by Prof. Seler in Berlin (as described in the collection files). In contrast to A, these apparently unpublished remains are described as "from an old grave in the district Chalchicomula, close to Jalapazco, Puebla Mexico". Further, both skulls are described as to be "surely from a time before the conquest of Mexico". Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 7. — Cranium of a Salish woolly dog (Specimen #1) excavated in 1977 from the Semiahmoo Spit, WA (45WH17), dated to 900-420 years BP (Montgomery 1979): A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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Data on transit history and anti-fouling practices for ships arriving to the Canadian Arctic

Ship biofouling is a major vector for the introduction and spread of harmful marine species globally, however, its importance in Arctic coastal ecosystems is understudied. The objective of this study was to provide insight regarding the extent of biofouling (i.e., percent cover, abundance, and species richness) on commercial ships operating in the Canadian Arctic. A questionnaire was used to collect information on transit history, anti-fouling practices, and self-reported estimates of biofouling extent from a sample of ships operating in the region during 2015 – 2016.

Data and custom codes from "Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing"

Data and custom codes from Czorlich, Y., Aykanat, T., Erkinaro, J., Orell, P. & Primmer, C.R. (2021) Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing. Science. Codes: The R file "Fishing_effort_parallel.R" was used to estimate fishing effort/intensity (beta in equation 8) given the length distribution, the gear-specific catchability and harvest rate "Fishing_selection_estimate.R" was used to estimate fishery-induced selection at vgll3. Datasets: Genetic_phenotypic_data.xlsx: Genetic and phenotypic data about salmon from the Teno mainstem population sonar_data.xlsx: Number of salmon per length class entering the river in 2018 and 2019. The length classes of salmon caught in those years by one of the fishing methods are also included annual_catch_data.xlsx: Total mass (kg) of salmon caught by each fishing method between 1975 to 2014. Environmental_data.xlsx: Data about Barents Sea temperature, biomass of key species, fishing data individual_weight_salmon_catches.xlsx: Individual weight of salmon caught with different fishing gears in the last decades Data sources: - Genetic data (Tenojoki population, random sampling): From Czorlich et al. 2018, https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.7hm4708 - Data about krill biomass (1980 – 2013) were taken from (1, 2). - Capelin biomass estimated from acoustic survey and the landed capelin catches were derived from (3) for 1973 – 2013. - Herring biomass data were retrieved from (4) for the 1973-1998 period. Herring biomass was calculated from the number of 1-2 year old herring and the mean weight per age as reported in (3) for 1988 – 2013. - The annual biomass of cod (a predator of forage fish) was derived from VPA analyses ((5), table 3.24). Landed cod biomass was also taken from (5). - An index for mesozooplankton (a forage fish food source) corresponding to the sum of Calanus biomass indices from different parts of the Barents Sea was used (6). - The annual sea temperature in the Kola section of the Barents Sea measured in the upper 200 meters was from <a href="http://www.pinro.vniro.ru/">pinro.vniro.ru</a> - The total number of nets used to catch salmon in the Finnmark coastal region was calculated for each year using data from (7) - Other data were generated for this study, please check the Material and Methods.  References: 1. E. Eriksen, P. Dalpadado, Long-term changes in Krill biomass and distribution in the Barents Sea: Are the changes mainly related to capelin stock size and temperature conditions? Polar Biology. 34, 1399–1409 (2011). 2.      ICES, “Report of the Working Group on the Integrated Assessments of the Barents Sea. ICES CM 2017/SSGIEA:04. 186 pp.” (2017). 3.      ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2015/ACOM:05. 639 pp.” (2015). 4.      R. Toresen, O. J. Østvedt, Variation in abundance of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) throughout the 20th century and the influence of climatic fluctuations. Fish and Fisheries. 85, 385–391 (2000). 5.      ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2016/ACOM:06. 621 pp.” (2016). 6.      L. C. Stige et al., Spatiotemporal statistical analyses reveal predator-driven zooplankton fluctuations in the Barents Sea. Progress in Oceanography. 120, 243–253 (2014). 7.      E. Niemelä, T. Kalske, E. Hassinen, “Numbers of fishing gears used in Kolarctic salmon project area, numbers of allowed sites for salmon fishing and numbers of salmon fishermen in Finnmark; development until the year 2013” (2013).

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Data from: Global plant-frugivore trait matching is shaped by climate and biogeographic history

Species interactions are influenced by the trait structure of local multi-trophic communities. However, it remains unclear whether mutualistic interactions, in particular, can drive trait patterns at the global scale, where climatic constraints and biogeographic processes gain importance. Here we evaluate global relationships between traits of frugivorous birds and palms (Arecaceae), and how these relationships are affected, directly or indirectly, by assemblage richness, climate and biogeographic history. We leverage a new and expanded gape size dataset for nearly all avian frugivores, and find a positive relationship between gape size and fruit size, that is, trait matching, which is influenced indirectly by palm richness and climate. We also uncover a latitudinal gradient in trait matching strength, which increases towards the tropics and varies among zoogeographic realms. Taken together, our results suggest trophic interactions have consistent influences on trait structure, but that abiotic, biogeographic and richness effects also play important, though sometimes indirect, roles in shaping the functional biogeography of mutualisms.

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On the genetic architecture of rapidly adapting and convergent life history traits in guppies

The genetic basis of traits shapes and constrains how adaptation proceeds in nature; rapid adaptation can be facilitated by polygenic traits, which subsequently provide multiple, redundant, genetic routes to adaptive phenotypes, reducing re-use of the same genes (genetic convergence). Guppy life history traits evolve rapidly and convergently among natural high- (HP) and low-predation (LP) environments in northern Trinidad. This system has been studied extensively at the phenotypic level, but little is known about the underlying genetic architecture. Here, we use an F2 QTL design to examine the genetic basis of seven (five female, two male) guppy life history phenotypes to assess whether the genetic architecture of these traits reflects theoretical predictions. We use RAD-sequencing data (16,539 SNPs) from 370 male and 267 female F2 individuals. We perform linkage mapping, estimates of genome-wide and per-chromosome heritability (multi-locus associations), and QTL ma pping (single-locus associations). Our results are consistent with architectures of many-loci of small effect for male age and size at maturity and female interbrood period. Male trait associations are clustered on specific chromosomes, but female interbrood period exhibits a weak genome-wide signal suggesting a potentially highly polygenic component. Offspring weight and female size at maturity are also associated with a single significant QTL each. These results suggest rapid phenotypic evolution of guppies may be facilitated by polygenic trait architectures, but these could fuel redundancy and limit gene re-use across populations, in agreement with an absence of strong signatures of genetic convergence from recent population genomic analyses of wild HP-LP guppies.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Joaquim José da Silva (c. 1755-1810): his life, natural history collecting activities, and involvement in the so-called first scientific expedition in the interior of Angola

Fig. 3. – Holotype of Cyphia stheno Webb at P. [Silva s.n., P00088662; © Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris]

FIG. 6 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 6. — Distribution of Erymoidea during the Jurassic: A, palaeobiogeography of Middle Jurassic; B, palaeobiogeography of Late Jurassic. Colors: blue, Erymidae; orange, Enoploclytiidae. Abbreviations: En., Enoploclytia; Er., Eryma; Pal., Palaeastacus; Pu., Pustulina; S., Stenodactylina. Source of maps: Scotese 2014c.

FIG. 12 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 12. — Early Cretaceous erymoid fauna from the extreme south: A, holotype BAS KG.50.4 of Palaeastacus uranusiensis Devillez & Charbonnier, 2019, from the Aptian of Alexander Island (Antarctica); B, Specimen BAS KG.103.134 of Palaeastacus sussexiensis (Mantell, 1824), from the Aptian of Alexander Island (Antarctica); C, specimen BAS KG.11.4 of Palaeastacus terraereginae (Etheridge Jr, 1914), from the Barremian of Antarctica; D, specimens BAS KG-2-214 of Eryma sp. from the Aptian of Alexander Island (Antarctica); E-H, Australian specimens of P. terraereginae: specimen QM F3235, from the Barremian of Currane (E), specimen UQ F13417 from the Aptian of Boomers (F), specimen QM F3235 from the Barremian of Currane (G), specimen QM F3236 from the Barremian of Currane (H). Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: H. Blagbrough (A-D), P. Waddington (E-H).

FIG. 14 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 14. — Erymoid fauna from the Chalk Sea (Late Cretaceous): A, specimen NHMUK 5918 of Enoploclytia seitzi Glaessner, 1932, from the Cenomanian of Dover (United Kingdom); B-D, Enoploclytia leachii (Mantell, 1822), from United Kingdom: specimen NHMUK 34404 from Arundel (B), specimen BM 016987 (C), reconstruction (D); E-J, Palaeastacus sussexiensis (Mantell, 1824): specimen BM 007757, from Glynde (United Kingdom) (E), specimen NHMUK unregistered, from Maidstone (United Kingdom) (F), specimen NHMUK 59824, from Lewes (United Kingdom) (G), specimen MNHN.F.S07674, from Couvrot (France) (H), specimen BM 016988, from United Kingdom (I), reconstruction (J); K, specimen MNHN.F.A66891 of Stenodactylina cf. armata, from the Santonian of Cognac (France). Scale bars: 1 cm. Preparation: Y. Despres (H, K). Photographs: L. Cazes (H), J. Devillez (A-C, E-G, I), P. Loubry (K). Drawings: J. Devillez.

FIG. 1 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 1. — Palaeastacus terraereginae (Etheridge Jr, 1914) from Australia: A, B, holotype QM 3234 from the Barremian of the Barcoo river: general view (A), schema (B); C, D, specimen QM F3236: dorsal view (C), ventral view (D); E, F, holotype UQ F13410 of Enoploclytia tenuidigitata Woods, 1957 from the Aptian of Boomers: P1 chela (E), dorsal view of the carapace (F); G, H, specimen UQ F13417 from the Aptian of Boomer: carapace (G), schema (H). Abbreviations: a, branchiocardiac groove; b, antennal groove; b1, hepatic groove; c, postcervical groove; d, gastro-orbital groove; e1e, cervical groove; i, inferior groove; POA, post-orbital area; χ, attachment site of adductor testis muscle; ω, attachment site of mandibular muscle. Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: P. Waddington. Line drawings: J. Devillez.

FIG. 3 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 3. — Erymoid lobsters from the Palaeozoic and the Paleogene: A, holotype PIN 1453 of Eryma antiquum (Birshtein, 1958) from the Changhsingian of Ust-Jenisseisk (Russia); B, C, Enoploclytia gardnerae (Rathbun, 1935) from the Selandian of Coahuila (Mexico): specimen CPC 1982 (B), specimen IGM-9095 (C). Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: F. Schram (A), F. Vega (B, C).

FIG. 2 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 2. — Enoploclytia minor Woodward, 1900 from the Upper Cretaceous of Hornby Island (Canada): A-C, holotype GSC 5971: general view of the specimen (A), line drawing (B), counterpart (C); D, E, holotype of Eryma dawsoni GSC 5969: general view of the specimen (D), counterpart (E), line drawing (F). Abbreviations: a, branchiocardiac groove; b, antennal groove; b1, hepatic groove; c, postcervical groove; d, gastro-orbital groove; e1e, cervical groove; i, inferior groove. Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: M. Coyne. Line drawings: J. Devillez.

FIG. 11 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 11. — Distribution of Erymoidea during the Cretaceous: A, palaeobiogeography of the Early Cretaceous; B, palaeobiogeography of the Late Cretaceous. Colors: blue, Erymidae; orange, Enoploclytiidae. Abbreviations: En., Enoploclytia; Er., Eryma; Pal., Palaeastacus; Pu., Pustulina; S., Stenodactylina; T., Tethysastacus. Source of maps: Scotese 2014a, b.

FIG. 9 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 9. — Erymoid fauna from Madagascar: A, B, Stenodactylina granulifera (Secrétan, 1964) from the Kimmeridgian of Antsalova: holotype MNHN.F.R03975 (A), specimen MNHN.F.R.03974, holotype of Eryma madagascariensis Secrétan, 1964 (B); C, D, Stenodactylina australis (Secrétan, 1964), from the Tithonian: specimen MNHN.F.A33228 from Marolalitra (C), holotype MNHN.F.R03972 from Analavelona Massif (D); E, F, Pustulina spinulata (Secrétan, 1964), from the Valanginian-Hauterivian of Soromaraina, holotype MNHN.F.R03961 (E), paratype MNHN.F.A33189 (F); G, H, paratype MNHN.F.A33132 of Enoploclytia collignoni Secrétan, 1964, from the Campanian of Bevaho; I, holotype MNHN.F.R03913 of Stenodactylina armata (Secrétan, 1964), from the Campanian of Belo-sur-Tsiribihina. Scale bars: 1 cm. Preparation: C. Bouillet (G-H). Photographs: L. Cazes (C, G, H), C. Lemzaouda (A, B, D, E, I).

FIG. 13 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 13. — Early Cretaceous erymoid fauna from the South-East Basin (France): A, cast MNHN.F.R10204 of the holotype of Eryma glaessneri (Van Straelen, 1936), from the Hauterivian of Escragnolles; B, C, specimens of Eryma vocontii Devillez, Charbonnier, Hyžný & Leroy, 2016 from the Albian of Rosans: holotype MNHN.F.A57457 (B), paratype MNHN.F.A57458 (C); D, original figure of Van Straelen (1923: fig. 10) of the holotype of Palaeastacus loryi (Van Straelen, 1923) from the Valanginian of Malleval; E, original figure of Van Straelen (1936: pl. 2, fig. 3) of the holotype of Pustulina victori Devillez, Charbonnier, Hyžný & Leroy, 2016, from the Berriasian of Leysse; F, holotype MNHN.F.A57459 of Pustulina colossea Devillez, Charbonnier, Hyžný & Leroy, 2016, from the Hauterivian of Castellane; G, holotype MNHN.F.A57460 of Pustulina occitana Devillez, Charbonnier, Hyžný & Leroy, 2016, from the Berriasian of Laciterne-Boisset; H, holotype OSUG.UJF-ID 11152 of Stenodactylina delphinensis (Moret, 1946), from the Berriasian of Noyarey; I, holotype MNHN.F.J03351 of Tethysastacus tithonius (Van Straelen, 1936), from the Valanginian of Laciterne-Boisset. Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: L. Cazes.

FIG. 4 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 4. — Erymoid lobster palaeobiodiversity: A, specific diversity for each genus during the Jurassic; B, specific diversity for each genus during the Cretaceous; C, evolution of the specific diversity during the Mesozoic for each genus across the globe (left) and in Europe (right). These graphs do not include those species that are exclusively found in the Solnhofen Lagerstätten.

FIG. 10 in A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea)

FIG. 10. — Erymoid fauna from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian "Plattenkalk" of Bavaria (Germany): A, specimen MFN 2236 P1383/3 MB.A.2891 of Eryma modestiforme (Schlotheim, 1822) from Solnhofen; B, holotype SMNS 3682 of Eryma major Oppel, 1861, from Nusplingen; C, holotype SMNS 24227 of Eryma westphali Schweigert, Dietl & RÖper, 2000, from Nusplingen; D, holotype BSPG AS VII 186 of Eryma veltheimii (Münster, 1839), from Kehlheim; E, specimen SMNS 64681 of Eryma punctatum Oppel, 1861, from Nusplingen; F, specimen SMNS 64521 of Palaeastacus fuciformis (Schlotheim, 1822), from Zandt; G, holotype BSPG 1993 XXVIII 200 of Palaeastacus rothgaengerae Schweigert & RÖper, 2001, from Brunn; H, holotype SMNS 70507 of Stenodactylina geigerae Schweigert & Härer, 2020, from Marxheim; I, holotype SMNS 64872 of Stenodactylina devillezi Schweigert & Härer, 2020, from Nusplingen; J, specimen SMNS 64319 of Pustulina suevica Quenstedt, 1857, from Nusplingen; K, specimen BSPG AS I 619 of Pustulina minuta (Schlotheim, 1822), from Solnhofen. Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs: J. Devillez (A-F, J-K), G. Schweigert (G-I).