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Figure 8 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 8. Skull of Glossotherium chapadmalense, type specimen (MACN 8675) in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views.

Figure 4 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 4. Skull outlines in lateral view. Paramylodon (B) exhibits a more flattened dorsal surface, whereas Glossotherium (A) has a more domed appearance and smaller temporal fossa.

Figure 6 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 6. Mandible outlines in occlusal view of Glossotherium (A) and Paramylodon (B), exhibiting the differences in the predental spout.

Figure 5 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 5. Skull outlines in ventral view for Glossotherium (A) and Paramylodon (B), showing the greater anterior tooth-row divergence and inflated pterygoids sinuses in Glossotherium.

Figure 3 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 3. Skull outlines in dorsal view of Glossotherium (A) and Paramylodon (B). Anterior, Lacrimal, Postorbital process and Posterior are the points where skull width was measured. Dashed lines represent the relative constriction of the muzzle between the anterior and postorbital regions.

Figure 2 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 2. Principal components analysis (PCA) results for the analysis of the skulls (A) and mandibles (B), where Z = Glossotherium and + = Paramylodon.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Figure 3. Strict consensus tree of eight most parsimonious trees. Tree length = 45, consistency index (CI) = 0.69, and retention index (RI) = 0.60 (modified after Lehmann et al., 2005).

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Figure 2. Stratigraphic distribution of different tubulidentates (modified after van der Made, 2003). Localities and their approximate ages in Mya on the left. Thick lines indicate possible ancestor–descendant relationships and arrows indicate possible dispersal events.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Figure 1. Suggested relationships of the known Tubulidentata genera (modified after Patterson, 1975).

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Figure 7. Phylogeny of the order Tubulidentata. Legend: Arr., Arrisdrift; Asa., Asa Koma; Laet., Laetoli; Lai., Lainyamok; Lang., Langebaanweg; L. L., Lothagam Lower Nawata; L. U., Lothagam Upper Nawata; Luk., Lukeino; Ma., Maragheh; Maka., Makapansgat; Mont., Monticino; Pa., Paşalar; Roo., Rooilepel; Sait., Saitune Dora; Sin., Sinap; Sw., Swartkrans. Undetermined taxa referred to Orycteropodinae sp. are represented by balloons: Chi., Chinji; F. T., Fort Ternan; Kak., Karara; Koru; Pro., Prochoma. See text for details.

Figure 1 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)

Figure 1. Correlation of the Pliocene–Holocene land mammal ages for North and South America. Figure produced with TS-Creator (http://www.stratigraphy.org).

Figure 6 in Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Figure 6. Details of the strict consensus tree showing intergeneric relationships. The distribution of the characters supporting node D (Plio–Pleistocene Orycteropus) and node F (Miocene Orycteropus) in the strict consensus tree is highlighted. The numbered boxes indicate character state changes: homoplasies are represented by white boxes; apomorphies are represented by black boxes; character states derived and unique in the ingroup (apomorphies within Orycteropodidae), but convergent or plesiomorphic when compared with the outgroup are represented by striped boxes; and unknown character states are represented by dashed boxes. The character state is given underneath the box.

Figure 7 in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 7. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the main proboscidean species cited in the text. Thailand: age of Mae Moh from Benammi et al. (2002) (full line) and P. Coster, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, E.G. Emonet & J.J Jaeger (unpubl. data) (dashed line). Age of Tha Chang (sensu Khoratpithecus fauna) from Chaimanee et al. (2004). Age of Ban Na Sai, Mae Long and Chiang Muan, this paper. Potwar plateau of the Siwaliks of Pakistan: stratigraphic chart from Barry et al. (2002), species ranges from Tassy (1983a, b, c) recalibrated with the scale of Barry et al. (2002). China: data from Tobien et al. (1986), Qiu (1990), Deng (2006) and Saegusa et al. (2005).

Figure 3 in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 3. Gomphotherium cf. browni. A, TF 6266b left hemimandible with M/3: A1, lingual view; A2, occlusal view; A3, labial view. B, TF 6266b: detail of the M/3 in occlusal view. C, TF 6270 right P4/ (occlusal view). D, TF 6267a left M3/ in occlusal view. E, TF 6269 left M3/ in occlusal view. F, TF 6266a right M3/ in occlusal view. G, TF 6268 left M3/ in occlusal view. Abbreviations: dm, deep masseter; fm, foramen mentale; r, retromolar gap; s, symphysis; so, socket of M/2. Scale bars: A = 10 cm, B and C = 1 cm, D–G = 5 cm.

Figure 2 in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 2. Tooth nomenclature adopted in this article schematized on TF 6266, a right M3/ of Gomphotherium cf. browni. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cingulum; amc, anterior median (accessory) conule; c, cingulum; ls, lateral sulcus; mc, main cone; me, mesoconelet; ms, median sulcus; pb, posterior bulge; pmc, posterior median (accessory) conule; t, talon; twf, trefoil wear figure.

Figure 1. A in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 1. A, map of Thailand showing the main area of study (box). The fossiliferous area of Tha Chang, briefly discussed in this paper, is indicated by a star. B, map of the intermontane basin of north-western Thailand (modified from Uttamo, 2000). The stars indicate the fossiliferous localities mentioned in the text.

Figure 5. Stegolophodon praelatidens. A in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 5. Stegolophodon praelatidens. A, TF 6271 left and right hemimandibles with M/3: A1, TF 6271a left hemimandible in occlusal view. Box: lateral view of the anterior portion showing the beginning of the tusk socket; A2, TF 6271c right hemimandible in lateral view; A3, TF 6271c in occlusal view. B, TF 6272 left M/1 or M/2 in occlusal view. C, TF 6271f left M3/ in occlusal view. D, TF 6274 left M?3/ in occlusal view. E, TF 6275 left M/3 (occlusal view). F, TF 6276a, right M/2-M/3 in occlusal view. G, TF 6277 right P4/ (occlusal view). H, TF 6278 right P/3-P/4 in occlusal view. I, TF 6279 right P/4 in occlusal view. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4, plus: mi, masseter insertion; tso, tusk socket. Scale bars: A = 10 cm, B–I = 1 cm.

Figure 4. A–C in New Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Thailand

Figure 4. A–C, Gomphotherium cf. browni. A1, TF 6267f right upper tusk in dorsal, lateral and ventral views (from left to right). A2, schematic representation of the cross-section of a right upper tusk (proximal portion; posterior view). B, TF 6266f right lower tusk: B1, dorsal view (left) and medial view (right); B2, anterior view (not to scale). C, TF 6267e right lower tusk in medial view (left) and dorsal view (right). D, E, Tetralophodon cf. xiaolongtanensis CMu 2-1: D, left M/3 in occlusal view. E, left M2/ in occlusal view. Abbreviations: cf, contact facet; e, enamel band; g, longitudinal groove; wf, wear facet. Scale bars: A = 10 cm, B and C = 5 cm, D and E = 1 cm.

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Figure 27 in Craniodental anatomy of late Oligocene archaeohyracids (Notoungulata, Mammalia) from Bolivia and Argentina and new phylogenetic hypotheses

Figure 27. Phylogenetic trees of archaeohyracids plus hegetotheriids (plus mesotheriids) according to (1) a consensus on previous phylogenetic hypotheses (Cifelli, 1993; Croft et al., 2003; Simpson, 1967); (2) the present phylogenetic hypothesis. Temporal data are taken from the literature (Simpson, 1945b, 1967; Cifelli, 1985; Flynn & Swisher, 1995; Kay et al., 1998; Reguero et al., 1998; Kay et al., 1999; Croft et al., 2003; Reguero et al., 2003b; Reguero & Castro, 2004; Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005; Cerdeño, Riga & Bordonaro, 2006; Croft, 2007).