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Figure 2 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 2. Osteological terminology illustrated on the skull and mandible of Loxops stejnegeri (USNM 502195).

Figure 10 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 10. Distribution of logarithmic ratios of the height at the coronoid processes to the height at the lateral cotyla. See character 33.

Figure 6 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 6. Distribution of measurements of the relative breadth of the supranasal bar. See character 11.

Figure 5 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 5. Distribution of measurements of the degrees of arc of the premaxilla. Taxa with greater>40∞ omitted. See character 5.

Figure 15 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 15. Crania of selected representatives of clades 1 to 4, from Figure 13. Lateral view of the skull and mandible in Loxioides bailleui MVZ 122621 (1a), Telespiza cantans USNM 502223 (1b), Chloridops kona AMNH 453677 (2a), Rhodancanthis flaviceps AMNH 453644 (2b), Xestospiza fastigialis (3; composite drawing, see material examined), and Melamprosops phaeosoma AMNH 810456 (4). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 1 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 1. Map of the Hawaiian Islands showing the principal collecting localities for fossil drepanidines. From west to east, the localities are (1) the Makawehi Dunes (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (2) Mahaulepu Cave (Burney et al., 2001), (3) sediments of mixed origin exposed near Ohikilolo Point (Storrs Olson, pers. comm.), (4) karstic solution pits and caves on the Ewa Plain near Barber's Point (Olson & James, 1982; Athens et al., 2002), (5) Pleistocene wetland sediments at Ulupau Head (James, 1987), (6) perched dunes at Ilio Point (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (7) the Moomomi Dunes (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (8) Puu Naio Cave (James et al., 1987), (9) Puu Makua Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (10) Lua Lepo Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (11) Auwahi Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (12) Crystal Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (13) Pukamoa (Medeiros, Loope & James, 1989), (14) Owl Cave (Jon Giffin, pers. comm.), (15) Umii Manu (Giffin, 1993), and (16) Petrel Cave (James & Olson, 2003). Localities (8) to (16) are lava tubes.

Figure 16 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa

Figure 16. Crania of selected representatives of clades 5 to 11, from Figure 13. Lateral view of the skull and mandible in Pseudonestor xanthophrys BMNH S/1961-11-40 (5), Vangulifer mirandus USNM 445807 (holotype) and USNM 445808 (6), Paroreomyza montana USNM 502188 (7), Loxops sagittirostris USNM AMNH 453236 (8), Akialoa stejnegeri USNM 19094 (9a), Hemignathus wilsoni MVZ 122610 (9b), Loxops v. virens USNM 553210 (10), Vestiaria coccinea USNM 502204 (11a), and Ciridops anna MCZ 10995 (11b). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 6 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 6. Time-calibrated strict consensus cladogram, depicting the survivorship of multiple anomodont lineages across the Permian–Triassic boundary. The stratigraphic ranges of the included anomodont species are plotted on a stratigraphic column that uses the well-established Permian–Triassic assemblage zones from the South African Karoo Basin (Rubidge, 1995) and the international marine stages (Gradstein et al., 2004) as basis. Stratigraphic ranges of the South African taxa are taken from Rubidge (1995) and Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003a), with the addition of Lanthanostegus (Modesto et al., 2002, 2003c) and Colobodectes (Modesto et al., 2003b). The stratigraphic range of Emydops is extended to fit the maximal range as proposed by Angielczyk, Fröbisch & Smith (2005). The stratigraphic position of the holotypic and only specimen of Cistecephaloides boonstrai (Cluver, 1974) is here considered to be in the upper part of the Cistecephalus AZ (Kitching, 1977). Correlation and stratigraphic ranges of the non-South African anomodont taxa from Russia, Scotland and Tanzania are based on Benton & Walker (1985), Gay & Cruickshank (1999), Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003a), Angielczyk (2004), Golubev (2005) and Rubidge (2005). Solid bars represent the known stratigraphic ranges, whereas open and grey bars indicate ghost lineages. Grey bars indicate the ghost lineages of survivors that cross the Permian–Triassic boundary.

Figure 5 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 5. Strict consensus cladogram of the six most parsimonious trees (332 steps; CI: 0.494; RI: 0.764; RC: 0.377). Italic numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50% and bold numbers indicate Bremer decay values. No Bremer decay values are shown for nodes that collapse at one extra step. Selected clade names are labelled and discussed in the text.

Figure 2 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 2. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in ventral view with the symphyseal region of the lower jaws removed to reveal the secondary palate. Photograph (C) of BP/1/430 in ventral view with the symphyseal region of the lower jaws in place, and drawing (D) of symphyseal region in ventral view. Photograph (E) and drawing (F) of symphyseal region of the lower jaws of BP/1/430 in dorsal view. The number (USNM 22936) visible in ventral view (A, C) of BP/1/430 indicates its original catalogue number at the Smithsonian Institution, before it was transferred to the collection of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, Johannesburg.

Figure 4 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 4. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in occipital view.

Figure 1 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 1. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in dorsal view.

Figure 3 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 3. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in right lateral view, and photograph (C) and drawing (D) of BP/1/430 in left lateral view.

Figure 33 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 33. Elements of the pectoral girdle of †Eolates gracilis: A, cleithrum and dorsal and ventral postcleithra (MCSNV T.373), in lateral view; B, scapula, coracoid and radials (MCSNV Rom.Bo), in medial view; C, scapula and part of the cleithrum (23152), in lateral view; D–F, variations of the ventral expansion and number of small spines on the cleithrum, of, D (MCSNV TG 23200), E (VI.N.56 [reversed]) and, F (NHM P3918b), in lateral view. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Figure 31 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 31. Caudal skeletons in Recent and fossil latids, in lateral view (A–G), and marginal ventral ray with the caudal spur, in right lateral view (H): A, †Eolates gracilis (NHM 3918b); B, †E. aquensis (NHM P3912); C, Lates niloticus (NHM 28228[4]); D, L. microlepis (NHM 28228 [1900-12-13:37]); E, L. calcarifer, caudal vertebrae and base of the hypurals (NHM 28228 [1985-11-14:1]); F, Psammoperca waigiensis (NHM 28228 [1888-11-6-6]); G, H, L. stappersi (NHM 28228 [1936-6-45: 1706]). Scale bars: A, B, H = 3 mm, and C–G = 10 mm.

Figure 30 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 30. Bony elements of the median fins in latids: A, posteriormost pterygiophores of the second dorsal fin in Lates calcarifer (MG 26), in right lateral view; B, pterygiophores of the middle of the second dorsal fin of L. niloticus (NHM 28228[4]), in right lateral view; C, anteriormost elements of the anal fin of L. niloticus (NHM 28228[4]), in left lateral view. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 27 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 27. General view of the postcranial skeleton, in lateral view, of A, †Eolates gracilis (NHM P24C38), and B, †Lates bispinosus (holotype and only known specimen). Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 26 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 26. General view of the postcranial skeleton, in lateral view, of A, †Lates gregarius (from Bannikov, 1992; modified), and B, †Eolates aquensis (reconstruction mostly from NHM P3912). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 34 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 34. Pelvic bone and/or spine in certain Recent and fossil latids: A–C, Lates niloticus (NHM 28228[4]): A, proximal part of the pelvic spine, and, B, C, distal part of the pelvic bones, in, B, dorsal, and, C, ventral views; D, E, distal part of the pelvic bones in fossil latids: D, †Lates bispinosus (holotype), and, E, †Eolates gracilis (MCSNV VI.N.59), in ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 28 in Anatomy, systematics and phylogeny of both Recent and fossil latid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes, Latidae)

Figure 28. Vertebrae of Lates and Psammoperca: A–G, Lates niloticus; H, Psammoperca waigiensis. A, anterior part of the vertebral column (MG 206), in left lateral view; B, first (MG 206), C, second (MG 205) and, D, third (MG 205) centra, in cranial view; E, second centrum (MG 205), in posterior view; F, anteriormost, and, G, posteriormost postabdominal vertebrae (MG 206), in left lateral view; H, the three first vertebrae of P. waigiensis, in left lateral view, modified from Greenwood (1976). Scale bars = 5 mm.