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2,315 results for “Dinosaurs”
Data from: Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution
The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest, indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme giant sizes, tests of Cope's rule, and miniaturization on the line leading to birds. We use non-uniform macroevolutionary models based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck and trend processes to unify these observations, asking: what patterns of evolutionary rates, directionality and constraint explain the diversification of dinosaur body mass? We find that dinosaur evolution is constrained by attraction to discrete body size optima that undergo rare, but abrupt, evolutionary shifts. This model explains both the rarity of multi-lineage directional trends, and the occurrence of abrupt directional excursions during the origins of groups such as tiny pygostylian birds and giant sauropods. Most expansion of trait space results from rare, constraint-breaking innovations in just a small number of lineages. These lineages shifted rapidly into novel regions of trait space, occasionally to small sizes, but most often to large or giant sizes. As with Cenozoic mammals, intermediate body sizes were typically attained only transiently by lineages on a trajectory from small to large size. This demonstrates that bimodality in the macroevolutionary adaptive landscape for land vertebrates has existed for more than 200 million years.
Data from: Rapid transformation in the braincase of sauropod dinosaurs: integrated evolution of the braincase and neck in early sauropods?
Sauropod dinosaurs were quadrupedal herbivores with a highly specialized body plan that attained the largest masses of any terrestrial vertebrates. Recent discoveries have shown that key traits associated with sauropod gigantism appeared stepwise during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic in evolutionary 'cascades' of associated changes, in which a 'head and neck' cascade has been suggested as an important module. Here, we investigate the evolutionary transformation of the sauropodomorph braincase, using discrete anatomical characters, prompted by the reanalysis of a Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) sauropodiform braincase from England. Our analysis shows that sauropod braincases are highly distinct, and occupy a different region of morphospace than their evolutionary relatives. This resulted from anatomical transformations including a set of changes in the surface attachments of craniocervical musculature, which may indicate integrated evolution between neck elongation and transformation in braincase anatomy. Neck elongation in Late Triassic and Early or Middle Jurassic taxa is potentially associated with episodes of skull reduction, indicating that the 'head and neck' cascade was activated more than once in the evolutionary history of Sauropodomorpha. The re-activation of this cascade in the Jurassic may have impacted on the differential survival of sauropodomorph lineages through the Early and Middle Jurassic.
FIG. 15 in Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae)
FIG. 15. — Dorsal MACN-CH 4170 (13) in lateral (A, B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), posterior (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina, dp, diapophysis, hypa, hypapophysis, nc, neural canal, ns, neural spine, pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, pp, parapophysis, po, postzygapophysis, prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prdl, prezygapophyseal diapophyseal lamina, pre, prezygapophysis, sdf, spinodiapophysal fossa, spof, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa, spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa, lat.spol/med.spol, lateral/medial spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina, tpol, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, stpol, single intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, stprl, single intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, vk, ventral keel. Scale bar: 10 cm.
(1) in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
(1)
Fig. 28 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 28. Isosurface rendering of the endocranial cast of Zanabazar junior (IGM 100/1) in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views (opposite) and in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views (above).
Fig. 20 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 20. Partial left pes of Saurornithoides mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6516) in right lateral (A), left lateral
Fig. 11 in Cranial Osteology of the Theropod Dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria)
Fig. 11. Sagittal CT slices through the skull of the holotype of Incisivosaurus gauthieri (IVPP V 13326). Abbreviations in appendix 1.
FIGURE 9 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs
FIGURE 9. Right pterygoid in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Scale bar = 25 mm.
Fig. 36 in The Braincase Anatomy Of The Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Alioramus (Theropoda: Tyrannosauroidea)
Fig. 36. Ventral surface of the basicranium in (A) Guanlong wucaii (IVPP V14531) and (B) Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844). The rostral end of the braincase is to the left for Guanlong and to the right for Alioramus.
FIG. 31 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 31. Right tibia of Neosauropoda indet. CM 36023 in A, proximal, B, posterior, C, medial, D, anterior, E, lateral, and F, distal views. Note the second cnemial crest (arrow in A). The specimen was initially cataloged as CM 1256 and later recataloged as CM 36023. Scale bar applies to all views. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest. Photos by Andrew McAfee.
FIG. 9 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 9. Right humeri of Diplodocidae indet. CM 28849 in A, anterior and B, medial views. CM 36026 in C, anterior and D, medial views. Note the rugose ridges parallel to the deltopectoral crests (arrows). Both specimens were initially included in CM 1256 and later recataloged. The numbers 72 (A) and 221 (C) are field numbers. Scale bar applies to both specimens. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; lr, lateral ridge; mr, medial ridge; tub, tubercle. Photos by E.T. (A, C) and Andrew McAfee (B, D).
Figure 11 in A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs
Figure 11. Schematic illustration of the cranium of Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe (1902) in ventral view (A). Detail of the left side of the occiput in caudoventral oblique view (B), demonstrating the disarticulated position of the left palpebral as viewed through the cranioquadrate passage. TMP 97.132.1. Scale bar, 70 mm. All abbreviations are listed in Appendix 1.
Figure 13 in A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs
Figure 13. Occiput of Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe (1902) in occipital view, original and interpretive illustration. TMP 91.127.1. Scale bar, 100 mm. All abbreviations are listed in Appendix 1.
Figure 4 in A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs
Figure 4. Schematic illustrations of the cranium of Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe (1902) in oblique rostrodorsolateral (A), oblique caudodorsolateral (B) and oblique caudoventral (C) views. (A) Rostral region, defined by the area in advance of a transverse plane located at the rostral extremity of the orbital cavities (represented by the dashed-square). (B) Temporal region, defined by the area caudal to a transverse plane located at the rostral extremity of the orbital cavities (represented by the dashedsquare). (C) Palatal region, defined by the elements situated along the ventral surface of the cranium, in advance of the basicranium proper, covering the majority of the roof of the oral cavity (represented by the dashed-square) and occipital/basicranial region, defined by the all the elements present in caudal view, including the basicranium proper and associated structures (represented by dashed-oval). Abbreviations in italics (i.e. the basioccipital, basisphenoid, exoccipital, quadrate and supraoccipital) in (C) are components of the occipital/basicranial regionl; all others in (C) are components of the palatal region. Not to scale. All abbreviations are listed in Appendix 1.
Figure 5 in Cranial anatomy of Shunosaurus, a basal sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China
Figure 5. Restoration of the skull of Shunosaurus lii (ZG65430). A, lateral view. B, occipital view.
Figure 12 in Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis
Figure 12. Topologies compared in Templeton test. Topology 1 is to equivalent the most parsimonious tree of Upchurch (1998); topology 2 is one in which 'Euhelopodidae' is decomposed into an array of genera in which Shunosaurus is the basalmost, Euhelopus is the most derived, and the Omeisaurus−Mamenchisaurus clade is intermediate. Twenty-two characters were found to have different numbers changes on the two topologies, 14 favoured topology 1 and eight favoured topology 2. The data matrix of Upchurch (1998) could not reject topology 2 with confidence (Ts = 88, n = 22, P> 0.10).
Figure 4 in Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis
Figure 4. Vertebral laminae in cervical (top) and dorsal (bottom) vertebrae of Diplodocus. Both vertebrae are in right lateral view. Modified from Hatcher (1901: pl. 3, fig. 14; pl. 7, fig. 7). Abbreviations based on Wilson (1999a): acpl = anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; c = coel; cpol = centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl = centroprezygapophyseal lamina; di = diapophysis; hpo = hyposphene; nsp = neural spine; pa = parapophysis; pc = pleurocoel; pcdl = posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl = posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl = postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz = postzygapophysis; ppdl = parapophyseal diapophyseal lamina; prdl = prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prpl = prezygoparapophyseal lamina; prz = prezygapophysis; spdl = spinodiapophyseal lamina; spol = spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl = spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar = 20 cm.
Figure 23 in The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho
Figure 23. cf. Stormbergia. SAM-PK-K1107, photos of block of articulated material including portions of two anterior dorsals, rib fragments, left scapulocoracoid and left humerus. Humerus is exposed in anterolateral (A) and posteromedial (B) views. Abbreviations: ac, acromion process; adv, anterior dorsal; cor, coracoid; dpc, deltopectoral crest of the humerus; gl, glenoid; hum, humerus; scap, scapula.
Figure 6 in The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho
Figure 6. Ornithischia incertae sedis. NM QR 3076, semiarticulated specimen, as preserved on bedding plane. Abbreviations: ast, astragalus; ax, axis; calc, calcaneum; cv, cervical vertebra; dcav, distal caudal vertebrae; dv, dorsal vertebrae; fem, femur; il, ilium; md, posterior portion of mandible; mts, metatarsals; pal, palpebral; pcav, proximal caudal vertebra; ph, phalanges; pm, premaxilla; pub, pubis; qd, quadrate; ra, radius; scap, scapula; tib, tibia; ul, ulna.
Figure 21 in The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho
Figure 21. cf. Stormbergia. SAM-PK-K1107, anterior-mid dorsal series in right lateral view (A). These vertebrae have been articulated together as labelled by the preparator, and appear to fit reasonably well, but the original association is not known. SAM-PK-K1107, posterior dorsals, sacrum and anterior caudals in right lateral view (B). Abbreviations: cav, caudal vertebrae; di, diapophysis; ds, dorsosacral; pa, parapophysis; dv, posterior dorsals; pub, fragment of pubic shaft; sv2, sv3, sv4, sv5, 'true' sacral vertebrae, i.e. those vertebrae which have ribs which articulate with the ilium.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.