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FIGURE 4 in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 4. Known distribution of L. liberti and L. phoebe.
FIGURE 7 in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 7. Known distribution of C. fako, C. manengouba and C. lewisi.
FIGURE 6 in Systematic revision of the Andean butterfly genus Orophila Staudinger, 1886 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)
FIGURE 6. Distributional map of the species in the genus Orophila Staudinger.
FIGURES 19–21 in Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)
FIGURES 19–21. Three phylogenetic trees for Nymphalidae: Satyrinae. See text for explanation.
FIGURE 27 in Molecular and morphological evidence reveals three species within the California sister butterfly, Adelpha bredowii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae)
FIGURE 27. Mexican distribution of Adelpha bredowii. Lines indicate state boundaries.
FIGURE 28 in Molecular and morphological evidence reveals three species within the California sister butterfly, Adelpha bredowii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae)
FIGURE 28. Mexican distribution of Adelpha eulalia. Lines indicate state boundaries.
Fig. 8. Distribution map for Cisandina n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Fig. 8. Distribution map for Cisandina n. gen. taxa discussed herein.
[Data from:] A butterfly egg-killing hypersensitive response in Brassica nigra is controlled by a single locus, PEK, containing a cluster of TIR-NBS-LRR receptor genes
<p>Genetic mapping of a HR-like cell death induced by <em>Pieris </em>spp. butterfly eggs in <em>Brassica nigra.</em></p>
Fig. 3 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology
Fig. 3. Centroid size analysis of (A) Forewing and (B) Hindwing of T. septentrionis.
Supplementary material 1 from: Cerrato C, Rocchia E, Brunetti M, Bionda R, Bassano B, Provenzale A, Bonelli S, Viterbi R (2019) Butterfly distribution along altitudinal gradients: temporal changes over a short time period. In: Mazzocchi MG, Capotondi L, Freppaz M, Lugliè A, Campanaro A (Eds) Italian Long-Term Ecological Research for understanding ecosystem diversity and functioning. Case studies from aquatic, terrestrial and transitional domains. Nature Conservation 34: 91-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.34.30728
Supplementary data
Supplementary material 1 from: Clarke HE (2022) A provisional checklist of European butterfly larval foodplants. Nota Lepidopterologica 45: 139-167. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.72017
Table S1
Supplementary material 1 from: Konvičková H, John V, Konvička M, Rindoš M, Hrček J (2024) High hymenopteran parasitoid infestation rates in Czech populations of the Euphydryas aurinia butterfly inferred using a new molecular marker. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.113231
List of sampled colonies of E. aurinia
Figure 1 from: Konvičková H, John V, Konvička M, Rindoš M, Hrček J (2024) High hymenopteran parasitoid infestation rates in Czech populations of the Euphydryas aurinia butterfly inferred using a new molecular marker. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.113231
Figure 1 The distribution of Euphydryas aurinia in the Czech Republic, historic records included, based on Beneš et al. (2002), with actualisations. The inset in upper right corner shows the position of the country in Europe.
Figure 3 from: Konvičková H, John V, Konvička M, Rindoš M, Hrček J (2024) High hymenopteran parasitoid infestation rates in Czech populations of the Euphydryas aurinia butterfly inferred using a new molecular marker. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.113231
Figure 3 Per-site hymenopteran parasitoids infestation rates in colonies of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia in two consecutive years (2019–20), with information of caterpillar web counts in the respective colonies in 2018–2021 (above), and illustration of the relationship between hymenopteran parasitoids infestation rates and E. aurinia caterpillar web counts in the previous year (below).
Figure 2 from: Konvičková H, John V, Konvička M, Rindoš M, Hrček J (2024) High hymenopteran parasitoid infestation rates in Czech populations of the Euphydryas aurinia butterfly inferred using a new molecular marker. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.113231
Figure 2 Electrophoresis gels used to assess whether the primers used can discriminate lepidopteran hosts and hymenopteran parasitoids a various adult hymenopteran parasitoids (PCRs are positive) and positive (P) and negative (N) samples of E. auriniab four species of adult butterflies; PCRs are negative. The adult specimens of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera were identified by M. Rindoš, M. Konvička, and Z. Faltýnek Fric.
Table 1 in The first known riodinid ' cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Homoplastic ecomorphological traits shared between <i>Aricoris arenarum</i> (Riodinidae) and <i>Niphanda fusca</i> (Lycaenidae) (for details, see Fig. 8 and Discussion)</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Ecomorphological trait</th><th>Potential type of homoplasy</th><th>Hypothetical adaptive significance</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Ant–hemipteran-dependent oviposition</th><td>Convergence</td><td>Increases the likelihood of interaction</td></tr><tr><th>Loss of plant specificity and oviposition on Poaceae</th><td>Convergence</td><td>Exploitation of new ant–plant– hemipteran systems</td></tr><tr><th>Feed on liquids (hemipteran honeydew and ant regurgitations)</th><td>Convergence</td><td>Reduction of symbiotic cost by not feeding directly on plant tissue, hemipterans or ants</td></tr><tr><th>Social parasitism</th><td>Convergence</td><td>Stable and enemy-free environment (ant nest) during cold months and nutritional benefits</td></tr><tr><th>Pinkish last instar caterpillars</th><td>Convergence</td><td>Lack of plant pigments and/or no selection for visual crypsis</td></tr><tr><th>Long thoracic setae directed forwards</th><td>Parallelism and convergence</td><td>Tactile communication with hemipterans and ants</td></tr><tr><th>Reduction of dorsal setae on metathorax</th><td>Parallelism</td><td>Improved mobility of the anterior portion, facilitating ant trophallaxis</td></tr><tr><th>Tentacle organs on eighth abdominal segment</th><td>Convergence and parallelism</td><td>Chemical communication with tending ants</td></tr></tbody></table>
Adaptive evolution of flight in Morpho butterflies
<p class="Paragraph">The diversity of flying animals suggests that countless combinations of flight morphologies and behaviors have evolved with specific lifestyles, thereby exploiting diverse aerodynamic mechanisms. How morphology, flight behavior and aerodynamic properties together diversify with contrasting ecology remains to be elucidated. We studied the adaptive co-divergence in wing shape, flight behavior and aerodynamic efficiency among <i>Morpho</i> butterflies living in different forest strata, by combining high-speed videography in the field with morphometric analyses and aerodynamic modelling. By comparing canopy and understory species, we show that adaptation to an open canopy environment resulted in increased glide efficiency. Moreover, this enhanced glide efficiency was achieved by different canopy species through distinct combinations of flight behavior, wing shape and aerodynamic mechanisms, highlighting the multiple pathways of adaptive evolution.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 2: Each sampling site was composed of one trail and three transects to the interior of the forest. Points represent cylindrical traps baited with a mix of banana and sugarcane juice.
Data from: Occasional long-distance dispersal may not prevent inbreeding in a threatened butterfly
<p><strong>Background:</strong> To set up successful conservation measures, detailed knowledge on the dispersal and colonization capacities of the focal species and connectivity between populations is of high relevance. We developed species-specific nuclear microsatellite molecular markers for the grayling (<i>Hipparchia semele</i>), a butterfly endemic to Europe and of growing conservation concern in North-West Europe, and report on its population genetics, in a fragmented, anthropogenic landscape in Belgium. Our study included samples from 23 different locations nested in two regions and additional historical samples from two locations. We assessed contemporary<span>, </span><span><span>long-distance</span></span><span> disper</span>sal based on genetic assignment tests and investigated the effect of habitat loss and fragmentation on the population genetic structure and genetic variation using data of nine microsatellite loci.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Detected dispersal events covered remarkably long distances, which were up to ten times larger than previously reported colonisation distances, with the longest movement recorded in this study even exceeding 100 km. However, observed frequencies of<span> </span><span><span>long-distance</span></span><span> </span>dispersal were low. Our results point to the consequences of the strong population decline of the last decades, with evidence of inbreeding in 72% of the recently sampled populations and low estimates of effective population sizes (<i>Ne</i>) (ranging from 20 to 54 individuals).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our study shows low frequencies of<span> </span><span><span>long-distance</span></span><span> dispersal, which is unable to prevent inbreeding </span><span><span>in most of the local populations.</span></span><span> We discuss the significance for species conservation including future translocation events and </span><span><span>discuss</span></span><span> appropriate conservation strategies to maintain viable </span><span><span>grayling</span></span><span> (meta)p</span>opulations in highly fragmented, anthropogenic landscapes.</p>
Range expansion, habitat use and choosiness in a butterfly under climate change: marginality and tolerance of oviposition site selection
<p>Poleward range shifts under climate change involve the colonization of new sites and hence the foundation of new populations at the expanding edge. We studied oviposition site selection in a butterfly under range expansion (<i>Lycaena dispar</i>), a key process for the establishment of new populations. We described and compared the microhabitats used by the species for egg laying with those available across the study sites both in edge and in core populations. We carried out an ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) to estimate (1) the variety of microhabitats used by the butterfly for egg laying (tolerance) and (2) the extent to which these selected microhabitats deviated from those available (marginality). Microhabitat availability was similar in edge and core populations. Ambient temperature recorded at the site level above the vegetation was on average lower at core populations. In contrast with what is often assumed, edge populations did not have narrower microhabitat use compared to core populations. Females in edge populations even showed a higher degree of generalism: they laid eggs under a wider range of microhabitats. We suggest that this pattern could be related to an overrepresentation of fast deciding personalities in edge populations. We also showed that the thermal time window for active female behaviour was reduced in edge populations, which could significantly decrease the time budget for oviposition and increase the threshold of acceptance during microhabitat selection for oviposition in recently established populations.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.