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MAP 10 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 10. Distribution map of Orchestina species in Ecuador: O . ecuatoriensis, O . erwini, O . magna, O . mayo, O . otonga, O . predator, O . quijos, O . santodomingo, O . shuar, and O . yanayacu . Species noted on this map were not identified in this study from other countries. Note the sympatric localities.

MAP 6 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 6. Distribution map of Orchestina species in Colombia: O . arboleda (square), O . cali (circles), and O . zingara (triangle).

MAP 3 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 3. Distribution map of Orchestina species in Costa Rica: O . griswoldi, O . laselva, and O . truncata (black circles). Note the sympatric localities in Costa Rica and Ecuador.

MAP 7 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 7. Distribution map of Orchestina species in Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago: O . aragua, O . bolivar, O . kairi, O . maracay, O . neblina, O . ranchogrande, O . saltabunda, and O . venezuela.

MAP 5 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 5. Distribution map of Orchestina dentifera in Caribbean region. The species reaches the southernmost distribution in Brazil, see map 24.

MAP 1 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 1. Distribution map of Orchestina species in United States. A, General view. B, Detail of the west coast and Hawai'i. O . saltitans (circles), O . nadleri (white star), O . auburndalensis (white triangles), O . moaba (black triangles), O . utahana (black squares), O . quasimodo (black stars), O . pavesiiformis (white triangle, see also map 25), O . obscura (inverted black triangle), O . kamehameha (black serrated circles).

TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along

MAP 4 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 4. Distribution map of Orchestina species in Costa Rica and Panama: O . campana, O . chiriqui, O . labarquei, and O . pan. Note the sympatric localities in Panama.

MAP 9 in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

MAP 9. Distribution map of Orchestina species in the Galapagos Islands: O . fernandina (triangle) and O . galapagos (circles). See also map 8.

Figures 50–61. Sternum 8 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 50–61. Sternum 8 of male; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 50: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909). Figure 51: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov. Figure 52: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 53: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 54: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov. Figure 55: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figure 56: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 57: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figure 58: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 59: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 60: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 61: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov.

Figures 99–107 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 99–107. Head; scale = 0.5 mm. Figures 99, 100: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov., holotype male and paratype female. Figure 101: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 102: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov., paratype female. Figures 103, 104: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov., holotype male and paratype female. Figures 105, 106: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879), males. Figure 105: Dark brown specimen. Figure 106: Orange yellow specimen. Figure 107: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov., female.

Figures 29–35. Sternum 6 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 29–35. Sternum 6 of male; scale = 0.2 mm. Figure 29: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 30: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 31: T. seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 32: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 33: Tropidopedia carinata. sp. nov. Figure 34: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 35: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Scale bar for Figs 29–34 shown to right of Fig. 32.

Figures 19–28. Figures 19–22 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 19–28. Figures 19–22: Foretarsus; scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 19: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov., female, outer surface. Figure 20: Paratetrapedia connexa (Vachal, 1909), female, outer surface. Figure 21: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879), female, outer surface. Scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 22: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), male, lateral view showing the long plumose pubescence; scale = 0.25 mm. Figures 23, 24: Ventral surface of middle tibia, showing the comb with stout simple setae; scale = 0.01 mm. Figure 23: Lophopedia pygmaea (Schrottky, 1902). Figure 24: Xanthopedia larocai (Moure, 1995). Figures 25–28: Basitibial plate of female; scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 25: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 26: P. connexa. Figure 27: L. pygmaea. Figure 28: T. punctifrons.

Figures 90–98 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 90–98. Head; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 90: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), male. Figure 91: T. arcuatilis, female. Figure 92: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 93: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 94: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., paratype female. Figure 95: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 96: Tropidopedia pallidipennis (Friese, 1899), lectotype male. Figure 97: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov., holotype female. Figure 98: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957), holotype male. Scale bar for Figs 90–93, 95, 98 shown in Fig. 92; scale bar for Figs 94, 96, 97 shown in Fig. 97.

Figures 115–120 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 115–120. Distribution records for species of Tropidopedia. Figure 115: Δ, Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov.;, Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov.; O, Tropidopedia pallidipennis (Friese, 1899); A, Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 116: Δ, Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909);, Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov.; A, Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov. Figure 117: •, Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov.; O, Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov.;, Tropidopedia eliasi sp. nov.; Δ, Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 118: A, Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov. Figure 119: •, Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 120: A, Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879).

Figures 1–7. Figures 1–4 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 1–7. Figures 1–4: Punctation patterns; scale = 0.1 mm. Figure 1: Finely minute punctures, 1 dp (mesoscutum of Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., female). Figure 2: Fine punctures, 2 dp (mesoscutum of Lophopedia pygmaea (Schrottky, 1902), female). Figure 3: Coarse punctures, 1–2 dp (frons of Paratetrapedia sp.; female). Figure 4: Very coarse punctures, 0.5−2 dp (lateral mesepisternum of Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov., female). Figures 5–7: Head, females; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 5: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 6: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 7: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909).

Figures 74–89. Figures 74–87 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 74–89. Figures 74–87: Genital capsule, male, dorsal and ventral view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figures 74, 75: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figures 76, 77: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figures 78, 79: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figures 80, 81: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figures 82, 83: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figures 84, 85: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figures 86, 87: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov. Figures 88, 89: Hind tarsomeres, outer view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 88: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 89: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov.

Figure 114 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figure 114. Most parsimonious tree (length, 87 steps; CI, 0.58; RI, 0.83) showing only unambiguous changes: •, indicates unique transformation; O, indicates more than one transformation. Main biogeographical components indicated following species name; components according to Camargo & Pedro (2003). *Indicates extralimital records. Atl, Atlantic; NAm, northern Amazon; SEAm, south-eastern Amazon; SWAm, south-western Amazon.

Figures 108–113. Figures 108–112 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 108–113. Figures 108–112: Mesosoma in dorsal view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 108: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), female. Figure 109: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 110: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957), female. Figure 111: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov., holotype female. Figure 112: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879), female. Figure 113: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., lateral portion of disc of T3 showing the microreticulation (anterior to the left); scale = 0.10 mm.

Figures 36–49. Sternum 7 in Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini)

Figures 36–49. Sternum 7 of male; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 36: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909). Figure 37: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov. Figure 38: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 39: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 40: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 41: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov. Figure 42: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 43: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figure 44: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 45: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figure 46: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 47: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 48: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 49: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov.