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1,919 results for “1986”
Projected Snow Cover Reductions and Mid-latitude Cyclone Responses in the North American Great Plains, 1986 - 2005
Extratropical cyclones are responsible for major weather events and trends in the mid-latitudes and preferentially develop in regions of enhanced cyclogenesis and proceed along climatological storm tracks. It has been shown that terrestrial snow cover exerts considerable influence on atmospheric baroclinicity which is largely responsible for the aforementioned cyclogeneses and storm tracks. Research about the effect which terrestrial snow cover exerts on cyclones' intensities, trajectories, and precipitation characteristics is limited but indicates a robust relationship with these factors. Many examinations of climate model projections have generally shown a poleward shift in storm tracks by the late 21st century though none have determined the degree to which the coincident poleward shift in snow extent is responsible. A method of imposing 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile values of snow retreat between the late 20th and 21st centuries as projected by 14 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Five (CMIP5) is used to alter 20 historical cold season cyclones which tracked over or adjacent to the North American Great Plains. Simulations by the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF-ARW) are initialized at 0 to 4 days prior to cyclogenesis. Including control and sensitivity testing wherein snow is unaltered or removed entirely, each cyclone case is simulated 25 times for a total of 500 simulations.
Vegetation Inventory of Harvard Forest 1986-1993
The three main tracts of the Harvard Forest (3000 acres) in Petersham MA have been sampled every 10-30 years since 1907. Though methods have varied, each survey has involved mapping forest stands followed by intensive sampling. This inventory was completed in 1986-1993.
Annual Maps of Forest Harvest Events in Maine from LANDSAT Imagery 1986-2019
We used Landsat satellite imagery and forest inventory plot measurements to develop a time series of annual maps representing potential forest harvest events for the state of Maine in the Northeastern US for the years 1986 to 2019. We first generated a set of LandTrendr temporal segmentation results for three different spectral indices. Change results were filtered to remove events greater than two years in duration, then results were combined using a seven-parameter degenerate decision trees model that determined a set of thresholds on disturbance patch size, magnitude of spectral change, and change “votes” across indices. We found that we were able to detect harvest events that removed at least 30% of total basal area with a mean F1 score of 0.72 (σ = 0.02) with a mean false negative error rate (omission) of 0.32 (σ = 0.02) and mean false positive error rate (commission) of 0.23 (σ = 0.03), and these scores further improve when maps are masked to remove human land use (built and agriculture) and water based on National Land Cover Dataset and JRC Global Surface Water classifications (mean F1 = 0.73, σ = 0.02). Comparisons with an out-of-sample reference dataset and an existing national forest disturbance dataset indicate our forest harvest maps are a locally accurate source of information for characterizing spatial and temporal variability in long-term harvest patterns across the industrial forests of northern Maine. Here, we provide annual ensemble-based maps of potential harvest events; cross-validated results, which give an indication of detection agreement across subsets of our forest inventory reference datasets; and ancillary datasets that can be used to mask false detections in urban and agricultural land uses and water.
Fish captures in lakes of the Arctic LTER region Toolik Field Station Alaska from 1986 to 2021.
This file contains the fish number, recap number, species, lengths, weights, sex and a list of tissues sampled of fish captured in lakes near the Toolik Lake Arctic LTER site during summers from 1986 to 2021. The file also contains information from gill-netted fish (if any), sacrificed fish, and accidentally killed fish. All dead fish are included, and if their stomachs and otoliths were taken, that is noted also.
Gap Partitioning Among Maples at Harvard Forest 1986-1989
We measured shoot architecture, photosynthesis, survival and growth by seedlings of three shade-tolerant species of maple (Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. saccharum) in an experimental test of the gap partitioning hypothesis. Trees were felled to create a total of six cleared, elliptical canopy gaps of two sizes (8m x 12m, 75m2; 16m x 24m, 300m2). Naturally-established, undamaged, unbranched seedlings (15-30 cm tall, 10-20+ years old) of the three study species (2160 total, 720 per species) were transplanted into five plot locations (center and NW, NE, SW, and SE gap edges) within all six gaps and matching understory sites one year before gap creation. All plots were weeded regularly and spaded annually along the edges to remove above and below-ground competition. Measurements of microclimates and non-competitive seedling responses were made over one year before and two years following gap release. Architectural variation increased greatly over the two-year period. Striped maple (A. pensylvanicum) and red maple (A. rubrum) increased branch numbers, leaf numbers, and total leaf areas in gaps, especially large gaps, while sugar maple (A. saccharum) showed much smaller changes. Red maple tended to increase the number of leaves while leaf size decreased; striped maple increased leaf number but held leaf size constant. Diurnal patterns of photosynthesis differed within and between gap and understory sites. Red maple showed higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area than striped and sugar maple in all site/plot combinations except the large gap south plots, where striped maple exceeded red maple. Estimated diurnal shoot-level assimilation differentiated species more than unit area assimilation rates, and also altered the rank order of performance, with striped maple above red maple above sugar maple in all microsites except the large gap north. Population-level assimilation versus irradiance response curves exhibited a similar pattern, with red maple dominating unit
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Primary Production - Trout Lake Area 1986 - 2007
Crystal, Sparkling and Trout lakes are sampled approximately fortnightly throughout the ice free period and water is returned to the lab for 3 hour in vivo incubations at ambient temperature. On an annual rotation, one of the lakes is sampled to the bottom of the photic zone (ie. 0.5% of surface light) while only the epilimnion of the other 2 lakes is sampled. All samples are integrated by thermal layer and 14C uptake is deternimed at 10 light levels using a metal-halide lamp. All samples are acidified and bubbled before liquid scintillation counting and uptake is dark bottle corrected. DIC and chlorophyll are also measured. Each P-I (photosynthetic uptake vs irradiance ) set is further reduced to 3 parameters (alpha, beta, and Pmax) based on the work of Platt 1980. In addition, thermal information and lake light transparency profiles (collected approximately fortnightly on these three LTER lakes) along with daily incident PAR at 30 minute intervals (measured at Noble F. Lee Municipal Airport, Woodruff, WI) provide input to a mechanistic model of lake primary productivity. Primary productivity for a lake is calculated from productivity parameters derived from the laboratory uptake experiments, coupled with the lakes' thermal and light regimes. 1. PI parameters: Productivity (P), as a function of irradiance (I), is described by a hyperbolic tangent curve with three parameters (Platt 1980). The three parameters describe the initial slope of the curve, the I at which maximum P occurs, and the decay rate of P, following maximum P. All three parameters are fit simultaneously to laboratory observations, using minimization of a least squares objective function (Matlab v. 6, Mathworks, Inc.). The parameters allow for the calculation of P, as a function of I, for a given thermal stratum of a given lake on a given day. 2. LEC: Light extinction coefficients (LEC) for each lake are calculated as the slope of the best fit line through the natural logs of observations of light at
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Primary Production - Trout Lake Area 1986 - 1995
Primary production on three lakes (Crystal, Sparkling, Trout) is measured using C14 laboratory incubation under controlled temperature and light conditions. Sampling Frequency: fortnightly during ice-free season Number of sites: 3 Please consult NTL's website for information on experimental lake manipulations and the DNR's website for management activities
Homogenized, gap-filled, daily air temperature data for Saddle, 1986 - ongoing.
As part of its long-term climate data core collection, the Niwot Ridge LTER has collected daily air temperature at the Saddle site since 1981. The Saddle station is located at 3525 m.a.s.l. and is an important point location to capture local, ambient meteorological conditions for many biological and environmental datasets collected nearby. The location of the Saddle station has also presented challenges to its operation. Freezing temperatures, snow deposition from strong winds following storms, and exposure to lightning are some elements that have disrupted instrument functionality, affected data quality, and made access for research staff difficult over time, especially in winter months. These interruptions have led to missing or faulty data at times and inconsistent data gap-filling. Additionally, a mixture of mechanical hygrothermograph chart and temperature sensors with electronic data loggers have been used since the inception of the Saddle station to measure and record air temperature. Thus, a close inspection of potential influence from instrument turnover and relevant notes from research staff is required for a quality, daily air temperature time series for Saddle. Here we present a quality-controlled, gap-filled, daily time series of maximum, average, minimum, and diurnal air temperatures that accounts for instrument turnover at the Saddle. Methods follow those used to gap-fill long-term daily air temperature at the Niwot Ridge LTER D1 and C1 stations so there is consistency among core collection daily air temperature datasets. Metadata for this data package centralizes the most complete station history for Saddle air temperature and includes notes to data users on aspects and limitations of the dataset to consider when using these data in scientific analyses.
Surface water and flooding dynamics data set based on seasonally continuous Landsat data (1986-2011) in a dryland river basin
<p>Animations of the data are available here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2438110">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2438110</a></p> <p>If you are using this data set, please cite the following publication:</p> <p>Tulbure, M.G. and M. Broich (2018). Spatiotemporal patterns and effects of climate and land use on surface water extent dynamics in a dryland region with three decades of Landsat satellite data. Science of the Total Environment. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718347466 </p> <p>The data represent statistically validated surface water and flooding extent dynamics derived from seasonally continous Landsat TM/ETM+ data and random forest models, and summarised to the maximum extent of surface water per season between 1986-2011 over Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. The overall accuracy was over 99% and producer's accuracy for water 87% +/- 3%. </p> <p>The method is described in the following publication: <br> Tulbure, M.G., M. Broich, S.V. Stehman, A. Kommareddy. (2016). Surface water extent dynamics from three decades of seasonally continuous Landsat time series at subcontinental scale in a semi-arid region. Remote Sensing of Environment. 178: 142-157</p> <p>URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425716300621 </p> <p>Data are provided in GeoTIFF format per season per year. File naming convention is as follows:<br> yy_inund_freq_season_SamplingMethod. For example, "99_inund_freq_winter_max" will represent inundation frequency for winter 1999 resampled using a maximum resampling method. </p> <p>Inundation frequency represents the number of times a pixel has been flagged as flooded out of the times that pixel had valid observations * 100. Valid observation exclude no data values and clouds. The valid range of inundation frequency is 0-100 [%], with 255 indicating no data values. Data type is eight bit unsigned integer (uint8). </p> <p>The data were resampled to 120m resolution to reduce file size. The resampling methods used include max (e.g. selects the max value of all non-NODATA contributing 30m pixels) and mean (median and min can be provided upon request). If you are unsure which resampling to use, you may want to start with the mean. </p>
Marcell Experimental Forest chemistry of surface water draining the S2 catchment, 1986 - ongoing
This data set is a record since 1986 of chemistry for surface water draining the S2 catchment at the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) in Itasca County, Minnesota. Unfiltered water is usually collected every one or two weeks as part of the long-term monitoring program of the S2 catchment. Some samples were collected more often for various other studies and are included in this data set. Samples are routinely measured for pH, specific conductivity, anions (chloride, sulfate), cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium), silicon, nutrients (ammonium, nitrate+nitrite, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, total phosphorus), and total organic carbon. Occasionally, stable water and mercury isotopes as well as concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bacterial respiration of dissolved organic matter, biodegradable DOC (BDOC), ferrous and ferric iron, total mercury (filtered or unfiltered), methylmercury (filtered or unfiltered), and lead were measured. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, a measure of water color or dissolved organic matter optical properties, was also measured for some samples. More solutes and values will be added as additional metadata are documented (pre-1986 to 1992), water samples are collected and analyzed (concentrations and isotopes), or archived water samples are analyzed for stable water isotopes. The MEF is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hourly water temperature from the San Francisco Estuary, 1986 - 2019
Projected temperature increases due to global climate change are likely to have localized impacts on the San Francisco Estuary (SFE). Increased water temperature in the SFE will lead to challenges for managing water resources. Many native species, such as salmon and smelt, rely on cooler water, and will be further stressed by increased water temperature. While real-time water temperature is collected by several state and federal agencies in the San Francisco Estuary, a landscape-scale synthesis of available water temperature data has not been conducted for the SFE. For this dataset, we compiled continuous water temperature data and associated metadata from the SFE to generate an integrated and usable dataset of known quality for climate and ecological analysis. Data were obtained from the California Data Exchange Center (CDEC; https://cdec.water.ca.gov/) for consistency (data are untreated) and efficiency (existing code to download data directly from CDEC). Data were integrated and standardized to hourly water temperature data in degrees Celsius. A series of quality control (QC) checks were then applied in a consistent manner to all stations. Datasets included in this package include raw hourly data, flagged data, and filtered data (where flagged data are removed). Additionally, information regarding current and historical sensors used for water temperature data collection was obtained from station managers for each station, and compiled in a metadata table.
Bird Abundances at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (1969-present) and on three replicate plots (1986-2000) in the White Mountain National Forest
Bird abundances have been determined from timed censuses, territory maps and nest locations at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from 1969 to the present. This data set includes counts of the number of adult birds (males and females) per 10 ha at HBEF (1969 - present) and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest (1986 - 2000). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Surface water and flooding dynamics based on seasonally continuous Landsat data (1986-2011) in a dryland river basin (monthly, seasonally, and yearly animations)
<p>The animations provided here are part of the following publication:<br> Tulbure, M.G. and M. Broich (2018). Spatiotemporal patterns and effects of climate and land use on surface water extent dynamics in a dryland region with three decades of Landsat satellite data. Science of the Total Environment. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718347466</p> <p>Please refer to the above mentioned publication for a description of the data and interpretation of the patterns.</p> <p>The animations are based on statistically validated surface water and flooding extent dynamics data derived from seasonally continous Landsat TM/ETM+ and random forest models from 1986 to 2011 over Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. The overall accuracy was over 99% and producer's accuracy for water 87% +/- 3%. </p> <p>The method is described in the following publication: <br> Tulbure, M.G., M. Broich, S.V. Stehman, A. Kommareddy. (2016). Surface water extent dynamics from three decades of seasonally continuous Landsat time series at subcontinental scale in a semi-arid region. Remote Sensing of Environment. 178: 142-157 and available here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425716300621 </p>
Marcell Experimental Forest chemistry of surface water draining the S6 catchment, 1986 - ongoing
This data set is a record since 1986 of chemistry for surface water draining the S6 catchment at the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) in Itasca County, Minnesota. Unfiltered water is usually collected every one or two weeks as part of the long-term monitoring program of the S6 catchment. Some samples were collected more often for various other studies and are included in this data set. Samples are routinely measured for pH, specific conductivity, anions (chloride, sulfate), cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium), silicon, nutrients (ammonium, nitrate+nitrite, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, total phosphorus), and total organic carbon. Occasionally, stable water isotopes as well as concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bacterial respiration of dissolved organic matter, biodegradable DOC (BDOC), ferrous and ferric iron, total mercury (filtered or unfiltered), and methylmercury (filtered or unfiltered) were measured. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, a measure of water color or dissolved organic matter optical properties, was also measured for some samples. More solutes and values will be added as additional metadata are documented (pre-1986 to 1992), water samples are collected and analyzed (concentrations and isotopes), or archived water samples are analyzed for stable water isotopes. The MEF is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Contribution of CO2 and CH4 emissions at ice-melt to annual emissions from 450 and 270 lakes, respectively, 1986 to 2014
The ice-covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere can be extensive, lasting up to 7 months of the year. During this time, C cycling in lakes is altered affecting CO2 and CH4 dynamics below ice. Lake ice impedes atmospheric exchange, trapping CO2 and CH4 in the lake over winter. As lake ice-melts, CO2 and CH4 that has accumulated over winter is emitted from the into the atmosphere. To investigate the importance of CO2 and CH4 emissions during the ice-melt period, we conducted a literature search for studies that had CO2 and CH4 emission estimates for both the ice-melt and open water period. From these literature values, we could calculate the percent contribution of the ice-melt period to annual CO2 and CH4 emissions. We obtained data for 271 (n= 258) and 447 (n= 689) individual lakes, for CH4 and CO2, respectively.
Long-term trends in abundance of Lepidoptera larvae at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and three additional northern hardwood forest sites, 1986-2018 (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-hbr/82/8. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: Numbers and lengths of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars, all species) were censused on shrub level foliage at biweekly intervals from late May/early June through late July/early August each year. Measurements were conducted on the Main bird plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest from 1986-1997.. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Bird Abundances at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (1969-present) and on three replicate plots (1986-2000) in the White Mountain National Forest (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-hbr/81/7. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: Bird abundances have been determined from timed censuses, territory maps and nest locations at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from 1969 to the present. This data set includes counts of the number of adult birds (males and females) per 10 ha at HBEF (1969 - present) and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest (1986 - 2000). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Physical Hydrologic Data for the National Audubon Society's 16 Research Sites in coastal mangrove transition zone of southern Florida, March 1986 - ongoing
Temperature, salinity and depth were continuously collected using Hydrolab/Hach sensors within the coastal mangrove transition zone at 16 sites from southern Biscayne Bay to Cape Sable. Data were collected at 12 sites within the coastal mangrove zone of Everglades National Park, incorporating the Cape Sable, Taylor River and Panhandle region. Data were collected at 4 sites within the coastal mangrove zone of southern Biscayne Bay, incorporating the Manatee Bay, Barnes Sound, and Card Sound regions. Rainfall, pH, and dissolved oxygen were collected at a number of these sites with varying periods of record.
Long-term trends in abundance of Lepidoptera larvae at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and three additional northern hardwood forest sites, 1986-2022
Numbers and lengths of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars, all species) were censused on shrub level foliage at biweekly intervals from late May/early June through late July/early August each year. Measurements were conducted on the Main bird plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest from 1986-1997. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Raw neutron counts from a soil water content hydroprobe along the LTER-I transects (control and fertilized) at the Jornada Basin LTER, 1986-ongoing
This data package contains raw neutron count data from a series of soil neutron hydroprobe measurements along the permanent LTER-I transects located at Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico, USA. The control and treatment transects are parallel to each other and are 2.7 km in length extending from the middle of the College Playa to the foot of Mt. Summerford. The treatment transect was treated annually with ammonium nitrate fertilizer (NH4NO3 at 10g N/m2/yr) until 1987. Measurement stations are located at 30 meter intervals along each transect, and there are neutron probe access tubes located every station on the control transect (n=89) and at every fifth station at the treatment transect (n=19). Measurements were taken at 5 depths using a neutron probe (CPN Model 503DR Hydroprobe). Neutron probe readings in 3 non-weighing mini-lysimeters along each transect are also included. This dataset consists of the count of thermalized neutrons at 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, 110 cm, and 130 cm depths. These counts are subsequently converted with transect site-specific calibration equations to the volumetric water content data provided in EDI packageID knb-lter-jrn.210012002. Measurements were taken at 2 week intervals from April 1982 to 1987 and monthly thereafter. Data collection for this study is ongoing.
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