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177 results for “Age structure”
Data supporting the study "An organic crystalline state in ageing atmospheric aerosol proxies: spatially resolved structural changes in levitated fatty acid particles" by Milsom et al. (2021))
<p>Data supporting the figures and findings presented in the study <strong>"An organic crystalline state in ageing atmospheric aerosol proxies: spatially resolved structural changes in levitated fatty acid particles" by Milsom et al. (2021), <em>Atmos. Chem. Phys..</em></strong></p>
Data and code for 'Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Turner, A., Heard, G., Hall, A., Wassens, S. (in review). Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk.</p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files, R script and two zip folders of R packages (Surv_mod and VB_mod)</p> <p>1. <strong>Skeleto_dat_ready_Jan2021.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Anna Turner</p> <p>2. <strong>Geoffs_data.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Geoff Heard</p> <p>3. <strong>Environmental_variables_skeleto.csv</strong> Environmental data collected during surveys </p> <p>4. <strong>sk.dat_July21.csv</strong> Collated data from Anna and Geoff - created by 'Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R' ready for analysis</p> <p>5. <strong>Variables_that_are_highly_correlated_with_each_other_season_wide.csv</strong> Testing for correlation</p> <p>6. <strong>Model_structure_skeleto_2.csv </strong>creates model structure for analysis</p> <p>7. <strong>Model_selection_statistics_June_21.csv </strong>Output from model</p> <p>R code is provided seperately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. <strong>Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R</strong> Collating data from Anna and Geoffs datasets</p> <p>2. <strong>Skeleto_analysis_5.R - </strong>First uses regression modelling to explore factors correlated with variation in age</p> <p> - Following Scheele et al. (2016) regression models with a poisson distribution</p> <p> - Use bayesian non-linear regression to fit the Von Bertalanffy growth model to size-at-age data</p> <p> - Plots male and female growth curves</p> <p> - Uses catch curve approach to estimate survival from best fitting regression model following Scroggie (2012) but with bayesian implementation</p>
Age structure, developmental pathways, and fire regime characterization of Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests in the central western Cascades of Oregon
These data are the raw forest stand- and age-structure data from 124 stands in the central western Cascades of Oregon used to construct a conceptual model of stand development under the mixed-severity fire regime that has operated extensively in this region.
Data for "Age effect on tree structure and biomass allocation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)"
<p>VAPU dataset for tree biomass was collected from southern Finland in 1988-1990 by the Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla, now Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke) (VAPU data set).</p> <p>Those sample trees (162 Scots pine and 163 Norway spruce) are originated from the whole VAPU data set. The sheet 'Pine' and 'Spruce' data have been matched between 'sample branch measurements' and the 'biomass' information (by cluster X, Y, and plot, tree number).</p> <p>Biomass estimation for foliage and branches has been described here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.024 and https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.7.803<br> </p>
Disease Spread in Age Structured Populations with Maternal Age Effects
<p>Fundamental ecological processes, such as extrinsic mortality, determine population age structure. This influences disease spread when individuals of different ages differ in susceptibility or when maternal age determines offspring susceptibility. We show that Daphnia magna offspring born to young mothers are more susceptible than those born to older mothers, and consider this alongside previous observations that susceptibility declines with age in this system. We used a susceptible- infected compartmental model to investigate how age-specific susceptibility and maternal age effects on offspring susceptibility interact with demographic factors affecting disease spread. Our results show a scenario where an increase in extrinsic mortality drives an increase in transmission potential. Thus, we identify a realistic context in which age effects and maternal effects produce conditions favouring disease transmission. </p> <p>epi model R script.R</p> <p>This is the script for the SIR model as well as the associated script for life history data. </p> <p>main.body size.csv</p> <p>This is the data for the body size data collected in the main experiment. This was measured using imageJ, was recorded in pixels and converted into millimetres. </p> <p>main.exposed.csv</p> <p>This is the proportion of infected/not infected individuals from an exposed treatment group. This was a subset of individuals from the entire experiment. This was the result of the exposures from the main experiment. </p> <p>main.reproduction.csv</p> <p>This document records reproduction for individuals from old or young mothers. It is a count of the offspring born at each reproductive event, which occurs generally every three days, though variation in interclutch interval increases with age. This was from the main experiment. Only those who were unexposed to the parasite, where used for this portion of the experimental work. </p> <p>sm.body size.csv</p> <p>This records body size similarly to above, and was an independent replication of the main experiment. </p> <p>sm.infection status.csv</p> <p>This is infection outcomes of exposures carried out as above, in an independent replication of the main experiment. </p> <p>sm.total babies.csv</p> <p>This is the reproductive output, carried out similarly to above, but in an independent replication of the main experiment. </p>
High elevation forest age structure across an elevational gradient in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
<p>Dataset for Blomdahl et al. 2022. Drivers of forest change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of Vegetation Science. </p> <p>See publication for site description and methods. </p> <p>Descriptions for variables in “trees_seedlings.csv”:</p> <p><strong>Plot_ID: </strong>Plot identifier. Nomeclature follows transect name and plot number. ECO="Ecotone" transect, SBM="South Bird Mountain" transect.</p> <p><strong>Year_Sampled: </strong>Samples collected 2017-2019.</p> <p><strong>Tree_ID: </strong>Identifier for unique trees and seedlings. </p> <p><strong>Core: </strong>Tree core sample identifier. Applies only to trees (cores not taken from seedlings). Generally, 2 cores were taken per Tree >5 cm DCH, though sometimes up to 4 were collected if a sample was rotten.</p> <p><strong>Sample_ID: </strong>Identifier for unique samples, some of which come from the same tree (for unique individuals: "Tree_ID"). Applies to trees and seedlings.</p> <p><strong>Form: </strong>Stems >5 cm diameter at coring height (DCH), coring height=30 cm; Seedlings >30: Stems <5 cm DCH and >30 cm in height (sometimes referred to as "saplings"); Seedlings <30: Stems <30 cm in height</p> <p><strong>Species: </strong>ABLA=<em>Abies</em> <em>lasiocarpa</em>, PIAL=Pinus <em>albicaulis</em>, PICO=<em>Pinus</em> <em>contorta</em>, PIEN=<em>Picea</em> <em>engelmannii</em>, PSME=<em>Pseudotsuga</em> <em>menziesii</em></p> <p><strong>Diam_30_cm: </strong>Diameter (cm) at 30 cm sample height.</p> <p><strong>Diam_0_cm: </strong>Diameter (cm) at 0 cm sample height (i.e., the base). Only seedlings were measured at base, not trees.</p> <p><strong>Seedling_Ht_cm: </strong>Length of seedling stem (cm).</p> <p><strong>Bark_Thick_cm: </strong> Bark thickness (cm). Not recorded in 2018. Bark thickness assumed to be <0.1 cm for seedlings.</p> <p><strong>Live_Dead: </strong>Live/Dead status when sampled. L=Live, D=Dead.</p> <p><strong>Canopy: </strong>Canopy position. D=Dominant, C=Codominant. S=Suppressed. Not recorded in 2017. All seedlings assumed suppressed.</p> <p><strong>Outer_Ring: </strong>Last complete year of growth, generally one year prior to Year_Sampled for live trees. Mortality year for dead trees.</p> <p><strong>Inner_Ring:</strong> Year of innermost ring measured in tree core sample measured at 30 cm sample height. Does not apply to seedlings, which were sampled as cross sections, and therefore the pith was always measureable.</p> <p><strong>Pith_30: </strong>Year of the first ring of the tree or sapling, measured at 30 cm sampling height. </p> <p><strong>Pith_0: </strong>Year of the first ring of the seedling, measuring at 0 cm sampling height (i.e., the base). Applies only to seedlings, which were destructively sampled at the base.</p> <p><strong>Estab_Year: </strong>Estimated year of establishment for trees and saplings, same as Pith_0 for seedlings. See methods of Blomdahl et al., 2022, for how establishment year was estimated.</p> <p><strong>Age:</strong> Estimated age of the tree.</p>
Fig. 15. Age structure d in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 15. Age structure d(x) of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki. A. Linear regression between histological age and distal femur width of D. lettowvorbecki (based on Hübner 2012) for estimating the age of the remaining specimens. B. Age distribution d(x) of D. lettowvorbecki from the Ig/WJ-locality showing the "total" (N = 138) and "average" (N = 131) method for estimating the number of deaths per age. C. Age distribution d(x) of D. lettowvorbecki of bonebed 3 (N = 45) and bonebed 4 (N = 52) on basis of the "total" method. D. Similar distribution based on the "average" method (bonebed 3: N = 41; bonebed 4: N = 48. E. Comparison of the age distributions d(x) (in percentage) of D. lettowvorbecki (yellow bars), the Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus (red solid line, based on Erickson et al. 2010), and the Early Cretaceous basal ceratopsid Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis (blue solid line, Erickson et al. 2009b). F. Comparison of the age distributions d(x) (in percentage) of D. lettowvorbecki (yellow bars) and large mammals: hypothetical attritional population (red solid line; modified after Klein 1982b), and the Miocene rhinocerotid Teleoceras proterum (red dashed line; based on Mihlbachler 2003); hypothetical catastrophic population (blue solid line; modified after Klein 1982b) and the Eocene hippomorph Mesatirhinus sp. (blue dashed line; based on Turnbull and Martill 1988).
Fig. 13 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 13. Sketches by Ina or Hans Reck of articulated partial skeletons found in 1912. According to Table 2, both specimens were found in the uppermost bonebed 4. A. The German notes on the sketch tell correspondingly that this skeleton was lying with its long-axis in W-E-orientation, that it was only missing the lower part of the foot and parts of the tail, and that the skull was broken and removed separately. The skull was catalogued as WJ9000 and the postcranial skeleton as WJ5790-5820 (the latter were lost in Hamburg during WWII) which can be found in H. Reck's catalogue. The sketch was drawn on the 28th of September. B. The arrow points to a series of at least 20 articulated vertebrae. Another vertebral series, next to it on the right, is still partly covered in clay. Right next to the latter one can see the word Kicwa! (Swahili for skull). At the bottom of the image are noted teeth and a jawbone. According to the note in the lower left corner, the illustrator was unsure whether there were one small vertebral series or two. The numbers WJ9009-9023 are also present in H. Reck's catalogue. The sketch is dated 2nd of October 1912 (Pal. Mus SII, TendaguruExpedition 9.1, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN).
Fig. 10 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 10. Thin section of the tibia GPIT/RE/3724 of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, cut within the lower third of the long bone shaft. Most of the marrow cavity is filled by fine, calcareous marl. Note that the top of the cavity has been filled subsequently by calcite crystals, which indicates that the bone was embedded in the substrate as oriented as in this image.
Fig. 9 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 9. Fully prepared block MB.R.1910 (WJ5840) of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, within the bonebeds.
Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 of a juvenile individual of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The lower jaw bones at the left were detached from the specimen during preparation and are reassembled in this image. All currently identifiable elements are framed and labeled. B. Most of the unlabeled elements in the left center between the right postorbital, left exoccipital, left frontal, and left prefrontal (marked by "?") likely belong to the palate of the skull and may be identifiable after further preparation. Abbreviations: c2–c4, cervical vertebrae 2–4; l., left; r., right.
Fig. 16. A in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 16. A group of blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) crossing the Mara River, East Africa. Photo by Eric Inafuku, Wikimedia commons (https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connochaetes_taurinus_-Wildebeest_crossing_river_-East_Africa.jpg).
Fig. 7 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 7. Field sketches by Hans Reck (Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912) on the spatial relationships of the two main bonebeds. The two main bonebeds (BB-3 and BB-4) in top (A) and profile (B) views. The indicated large bones in between are labelled with "dinosaur shoulder blade and vertebra" (in German) (A) or simply "Dinos." (B) and indicate the discovery of sauropod remains in the quarry (H. Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912; Pal. Mus SII, Tendaguru-Expedition 9.5, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN).
Fig. 6 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 6. Scanned image of the first two pages of the field catalogue of Hans Reck from 1912. The first note at the top of the right page says: "19. June 1912 – The quarry Ig will be renamed W.J. due to the ongoing numbering of the bones" (Reck, 1912–1913. GTE field catalogue, Pal. Mus SII, TendaguruExpedition 9.3, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN)
Fig. 5 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 5. Simplified composite section of the Tendaguru Formation in the type area (based on Bussert et al. 2009). The position of the Ig/WJ-bonebeds is only approximate, based on the field results of the German-Tanzanian Tendaguru Expedition 2000 (Aberhan et al. 2002). Abbreviations: Cl, clay; cS, coarse-grained sand; fS, fine-grained sand; G, gravel; mS, mediumgrained sand; Si, silt.
Fig. 4 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 4. Measurements of a right femur of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, visualized from a CT scan of the bamboo corset Ig 133, using the line measurement tool in Osirix. A. Dashed line marks maximum length of femur. B. Dashed line marks distal width of femur (see also Material and methods).
Fig. 2 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 2. Oil painting by Ina Reck (1912), which depicts the excavations at the Ig/WJ-site (from MfN collections, PM_B_VII_9_Reck).
Fig. 12 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 12. Examples of articulated or closely associated skeletal elements of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The 7–15th dorsal vertebrae (anterior to the left) of individual dy II (acronym for individual dy II used by Janensch 1955, today catalogued with the collection numbers MB.R.1586.1–9). B. Unlabeled posterior dorsal vertebrae from the SMNS collections in ventral view. C. Closely associated right angular and surangular MB.R.1335. D. Incomplete articulated left pes GPIT/RE/3452 in ventral (D1), dorsal (D2), and medial (D3) views.
Fig. 14 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 14. Examples of states of bone preservation of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. Several tibiae originally labelled with low Ig numbers showing multiple breaks perpendicular to their long axis. B. Isolated shaft of the left femur GPIT/RE/3446 in medial view with its proximal and distal ends broken off but with excellent preservation of the bone surface and of the delicate 4th trochanter. C. The right ilium GPIT/RE/6544 with the usual broken off preacetabular process and net-like surface cracks on the otherwise well-preserved lateral bone surface. D. Dorsal vertebra GPIT/RE/5462 of a juvenile individual in anterior view with plastic deformation of the left diapophysis. The deformation of this side is visible in two additional, potentially associated dorsal vertebrae. E. Unlabeled right humerus from the SMNS collections with well-preserved articular ends but with a distorted and compressed midshaft. F. Excellent preservation of the right calcaneum GPIT/RE/5808 in lateral view. G. The left jugal MB.R.1333 in lateral view with numerous diagenetic cracks which were resealed in situ by calcite. H. Right quadrate MB.R.3478 in lateral view with its cotylar head and upper part of the anterolateral wing broken off and slightly displaced forward whereas the surface of the bone and its delicate processes are generally well preserved. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 1. Location of the Ig/WJ-locality. A. Position of the Tendaguru locality in Tanzania, redrawn from Google Maps and on the basis of locality information of Aberhan et al. (2002). B. Geological map of the Tendaguru area with main stratigraphic units, the position of quarry Jg/WJ is marked with an asterisk, and some other important quarries from the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) are labelled with their respective letters. Roads are marked by dashed lines. Data are from Janensch (1925b), Heinrich 1999b), and Aberhan et al. (2002). The names of stratigraphic units are from Bussert et al. (2009).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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