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1,243 results for “Agonist”
Do food distribution and competitor density affect agonistic behaviour within and between clans in a high fission-fusion species?
<p>Socioecological theory attributes social variation in female-bonded species to differences in within- and between-group competition, shaped by food distribution. Strong between-group contests are expected over large, monopolisable resources, but not when low-quality food is distributed across large, undefended home ranges. Within-group contests are expected to be more frequent with increasing heterogeneity in feeding sites. We tested these predictions in female Asian elephants, which show traits associated with infrequent contests – predominant graminivory, overlapping home ranges, and high fission-fusion. We examined how agonistic interactions within and between female elephant clans (social groupings) vary with food distribution and competitor density. We found stronger between-clan contests than that known from neighbouring forests and more frequent agonism between females between clans than within clans. Such strong between-clan contest is attributable to food patchiness as the Kabini grassland in the study area had three times the grass biomass as adjacent forests. Within-clan agonism was also frequent but was not influenced by food distribution, contradicting socioecological predictions. Contrary to recent claims, increasing within-clan agonism with group (party) size showed that ecological constraints operate despite high fission-fusion in Asian elephants. Thus, despite graminivory and fission-fusion, within-clan and between-clan agonism can be frequent, especially at high population density.</p>
Figures 1a–1f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 1a–1f. Developing from the initial stage to the confronting stage. Figure 1a. Initial stage, showing a defensive posture (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1b. Initial stage, tentative pinching when mutually touched (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1c. Initial stage, showing a shielding posture (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1d. Initial stage, one trying to suppress the other (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1e. Initial stage, shielding collision (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1f. Spanning pedipalps, developing into confronting stage (left, A1, right, A2).
Figure 5 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figure 5. Duration of each round and that of arm-span competition occurred in each round (in seconds).
Figures 9a–9f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 9a–9f. Examples of physical combat in genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908. Figures 9a–9c. Adult males of H. minusalta Vachon, 1959. Figure 9d. An adult pair of H. jayakari (Pocock, 1895). Figure 9e. An adult pair of H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914). Figure 9f. An adult pair of H. buchariensis (Birula, 1897).
Figures 10a–10c in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 10a–10c. Examples of three types of behavior observed among several species of Heterometrinae. Figure 10a. Arm-span competition (Chersonesometrus tristis). Figure 10b. Shielding response (strictly defined as an easily triggered response; Heterometrus species do exhibit similar posture but happens only when their pedipalps are suppressed; Srilankametrus yaleensis). Figure 10c. Aggressive response (here shows a pre-posture before "pinching" or "punching"; Heterometrus spinifer).
Figures 7a–7d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 7a–7d. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figure 7a. Adult females of Androctonus gonneti Vachon, 1948 aiming at each other with their metasoma (the accompanied juddering behavior cannot be illustrated by the figure). Figure 7b. A pair of adult A. gonneti, the female is controlling the telson of the male. Figures 7c–7d. Adults of Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) controlling the telson of the opponent: female and male (c), and two males (d).
Figures 3a–3b in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 3a–3b. Comparison of aggression between arm-span competition and stinging fighting behavior. Figure 3a. No fighting occurred after one was pulled over (left, A1, right, C). Figure 3b. Violent fighting occurred at the initial stage when both individuals were infuriated (left, A1, right, B1).
Figures 8a–8f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 8a–8f. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figures 8a–8c. Juveniles of Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928, performing the typical deterrent posture. Figures 8d–8f. Leiurus spp., performing the intimidation behavior: adult males of Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002 and L. haenggii Lowe et al., 2014 (d), adult males of L. jordanensis and L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (e), and an adult pair of L. jordanensis (f; male on the left).
Figures 6a–6d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 6a–6d. Examples of similar behavior observed between two adult males in other Heterometrinae species. Figure 6a. Heterometrus minotaurus (above) and Heterometrus thorellii (below) (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6b. Chersonesometrus tristis (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6c. H. thorellii (photo: Gentia). Figure 6d. H. thorellii (below) and Heterometrus longimanus (above) (photo: Gentia).
Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a. Spreading the pedipalps, lateral view (left, A2, right, A1). Figure 2b. Spreading the pedipalps, posterior view (distal, A1, proximal, C). Figure 2c. Metasoma of the two males entangling with each other (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2d. One being lifted up by the "metasomal hook" (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2e. Lifting, lateral view (left, A1, right, C). Figure 2f. Lifting, posterior view (proximal, A1, distal, C).
Distinct binding hotspots for natural and synthetic agonists of FFA4 from in silico approaches
<p>Compressed trajectories files of natural and synthetic ligands (TUG-891, alpha-Linolenic acid, Linoleic acid and Oleic acid) as supporting information for a research article in Molecular Informatics exploring binding hotspots of FFA4.</p> <p>Each compressed trajectories comprise of a pdb file (xx_Rx.pdb) and its associated trajectory file (xx_Rx_TRJ.trr ) to be read using vmd.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for: "A test of the mechanistic process behind the convergent agonistic character displacement hypothesis"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><span>In this era of rapid global change, understanding the mechanisms that enable or prevent species from co-occurring has assumed new urgency. The convergent agonistic character displacement (CACD) hypothesis posits that signal similarity enables co-occurrence of ecological competitors by promoting aggressive interactions that reduce interspecific territory overlap and hence, exploitative competition. In northwestern Switzerland, ca. 10% of <em>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</em> produce songs containing syllables that are typical of their co-occurring sister species, P. bonelli (“mixed singers”). To examine whether the consequences of P. sibilatrix mixed singing are consistent with CACD, we combined a playback experiment and an analysis of interspecific territory overlap. Although P. bonelli reacted more aggressively to playback of mixed P. sibilatrix song than to playback of typical P. sibilatrix song, interspecific territory overlap was not reduced for mixed singers. Thus, the CACD hypothesis was not supported, which stresses the importance of distinguishing between interspecific aggressive interactions and their presumed spatial consequences. </span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
Figure 3. a in Fight or flight: agonistic interactions between females of Acanthogonatus centralis Goloboff 1995 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)
Figure 3. a: Female A. centralis displaying threat behavior (fangs extended). b: Hug finished in cannibalism with female biting the female cephalothorax.
Figure 2 in Fight or flight: agonistic interactions between females of Acanthogonatus centralis Goloboff 1995 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)
Figure 2. Flow diagram of the female–female interaction of A. centralis (n = 132). Arrows indicate frequency.
Figs. 1-3 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 1-3. (1) Javanese Ixora, Ixora javanica, a common garden flowering plant on which Cosmophasis umbratica and many salticids were frequently found; (2) Ixora commonly planted along roads and paths in parks; (3) C. umbratica on a red inflorescences of Ixora.
Figs. 15-16 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 15-16. (15a) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with hunched legs and bent abdomen; (15b) Male C. umbratica (facing onview) with hunched legs and abdomen not bent; (16a-f) Sequence of main events during agonistic interactions between two males: (16a) two males with elevated legs (Position 1); (16b) two males embracing each other (no pushing was observed) with legs I elevated (Position 2), chelicerae opened with fangs pointed downwards (Position 2), palps extended (Position 3), and body raised; (16c) the larger male (right) hooking and pushing the smaller male, with legs IV flexed at femur-patella-tibia such that body is raised, with posterior (abdomen) higher that the anterior (cephalothorax); (16d) the larger male chasing away the decamping male with elevated legs I (Position 2) and extended palps (Position 3); male (in background) in process of decamping; (16e) the larger male lifting up the smaller male after both were engaged in a hook and grapple; (16f-g) after a clash, males tend to quickly extend and retract legs (male in background).
Fig. 7. A in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Fig. 7. A silken nest, consisting of a not so dense silken sheet covering a silken tube spun by male C. umbratica in a petri dish.
Figs. 4-6 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 4-6. (4) Male C. umbratica (front dorsal view), with blue-green (dorsal) and violet iridescence on the sides of femurs of legs I to IV, a line of iridescence on the dorsal abdomen from anterior to posterior, and a white line along each side of abdomen, which were joined at the anterior abdomen but discontinued at the posterior; (5) Female C. umbratica (front dorsal view). Females are generally less iridescent and have a shorter yet plump abdomen as compared to the slim and elongated abdomen of males; (6) The face of a juvenile C. umbratica (6a) lacks white hairs indicating a sexually matured male C. umbratica (6b), and black coloration on the tarsus of a palp (6c), a coloration prominent on an adult male's palps (see Fig. 4).
Figs. 17-24 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 17-24. (17) Male C. umbratica posturing with elevated legs (Position 1) during agonistic interactions with another male (partially hidden); (18) C. umbratica in a hunched position with chelicerae opened and fangs showing a little (Position 1); (19a-d) Sequences before an embrace of two male umbratica, with chelicerae opened in Position 3: (19d) extension of palps (Position 3) were only prominent just before contact; (20) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with flexed up abdomen and extended palps (Position 1); (21) Male C. umbratica with almost fully extended palps contacting substrate; (22) A slightly flexed palps on contact with the surface during agonistic displays. Here the male has a slightly raised and bent abdomen; Copulating position of C. umbratica, with the male's leg II (facing right) going over the female's cephalothorax (facing downwards); (24) Male umbratica (facing on-view) copulating with a female (facing inside). The female's abdomen was rotated about 30˚ and lifted slightly from its
Figs 2-6. Agonistic behavior between a in The hard task of a short-tailed mouse opossum (Monodelphis) to prey a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Figs 2-6. Agonistic behavior between a harvestman of the family Gonyleptidae and the mouse opossum Monodelphis dimidiata (Wagner, 1847). The interaction starts with the mouse opossum in an attack position, facing the harvestman (Fig. 2), then the marsupial staggers side to side (Fig. 3) and is knocked out (Fig. 4). This sequence of events is repeated two times, until the mouse opossum assumes its third attack position and attacks the harvestman (Fig. 5). The mouse opossum removes the harvestman's legs one by one to then feed on its body (Fig. 6). Image edited in the Inkscape software.
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