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15 results for “Alternaria alternata”
The critical role of MetR/MetB/MetC/MetX in cysteine and methionine metabolism, fungal development and virulence of Alternaria alternata
<p>Methionine is a unique sulfur-containing amino acid, which plays an important role in biological protein synthesis and various cellular processes. Here, we characterize the biological functions of <em>AaMetB</em>, <em>AaMetC</em>, and <em>AaMetX</em> in the tangerine pathotype of <em>Alternaria alternata</em>. Morphological analysis showed that mutants lacking <em>AaMetB</em>, <em>AaMetC</em>, or <em>AaMetX</em> resulted in less aerial hypha and fewer conidia in artificial media. The virulence assays revealed that <em>AaMetB</em>, <em>AaMetC</em>, and <em>AaMetX </em>are required for full virulence. The defects of <em></em><em>MetB</em>, <em></em><em>MetC</em>, and <em></em><em>MetX</em> in vegetative growth, conidiation and virulence can be restored by exogenous methionine and homocysteine, indicating that <em>AaMetB</em>, <em>AaMetC</em>, and <em>AaMetX </em>are required for methionine biosynthesis. The defects of <em></em><em>MetR </em>in vegetative growth and virulence can be restored by exogenous cysteine, indicating that <em>AaMetR</em> is essential for cysteine biosynthesis. The oxidant sensitivity assay showed that only <em></em><em>MetR</em> is sensitivity to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and many ROS-generating compounds, which indicates that <em>AaMetR</em> is essential for oxidative tolerance. Interestingly, indoor bioassays of these mutants on fungicides showed that only the <em></em><em>MetR </em>mutants<em> </em>are susceptive to chlorothalonil, which can interact with the cysteine of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the inactivation of <em>MetB</em>, <em>MetC</em>, <em>MetX</em>, or <em>MetR</em> significantly affected the expression of many genes related to methionine metabolism. Moreover, the inactivation of Aa<em>MetR</em> significantly affected the expression of many genes related to glutathione metabolism, which is required for ROS tolerance. In conclusion, our study provides genetic evidence to define the critical roles of <em>AaMetB</em>, <em>AaMetC</em>, <em>AaMetX</em>, and <em>AaMetR</em> in the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, fungal development and virulence of <em>Alternaria alternata.</em></p>
Transcription regulator ACTR contributes pathogenicity through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in Alternaria alternata
<p>Host-selective ACT toxin are critical for the pathogenesis of the citrus fungal pathogen <em>Alternaria alternata</em>. The biosynthesis of ACT toxin is mainly regulated by multiple ACT toxin genes located in the secondary metabolite gene cluster. However, the regulatory hierarchy of ACT toxin synthesis by these ACT genes have not been explored. In this study, we reported a transcription regulator <em>ACTR</em> contributes ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in <em>Alternaria alternata.</em> We generated <em>ACTR</em>-disrupted and -silenced mutants in the tangerine pathotype of <em>A. alternata.</em> Phenotype analysis showed that the <em>ACTR</em> mutants displayed a significant loss of ACT toxin production and a decreased virulence on citrus leaves whereas the vegetative growth and sporulation were not affected, indicating an essential role of <em>ACTR</em> in both ACT toxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity. To elucidate the transcription network of ACTR, we performed RNA-Seq experiments on wild-type and <em>ACTR</em> null mutant and identified genes that were differentially expressed between two genotypes. Transcriptome profiling and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the ACT toxin biosynthetic gene <em>ACTS4</em> is down-regulated in<em> ACTR </em>mutant<em>.</em> We generated <em>ACTS4 </em>knock-down mutant and found that the pathogenicity of <em>ACTS4</em> mutant was severely impaired. Interestingly, both <em>ACTR</em> and <em>ACTS4</em> are not involved in the response to different abiotic stresses including oxidative stress, salt stress, cell-wall disrupting regents, and Cu<sup>2+</sup>, indicating the function of these two genes is highly specific. In conclusion, our results highlight the important regulatory role of <em>ACTR</em> in ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 and underline the essential role of in the tangerine pathotype of <em>A. alternata</em>.</p>
Distinct and essential roles of bZIP transcription factors in stress response and pathogenesis in Alternaria alternata
<p>The ability to cope with environmental abiotic stress and biotic stress is crucial for the survival of plants and microorganisms, which enable them to occupy multiple niches in the environment. Previous studies have shown that transcription factors play crucial roles in regulating various biological processes including multiple stress tolerance and response in eukaryotes. This work identified multiple critical transcription factor genes, metabolic pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms related to abiotic stress response were broadly activated by analyzing the transcriptome of phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata un- der metal ions stresses, oxidative stress, salt stresses, and host-pathogen interaction. We determined the biological functions and regulatory roles of the bZIP transcriptional factor (TF) genes in the phytopathogenic fungus A. alternata by analyzing targeted gene deletion mutants. Morphological analysis provides evidence that bZIPs including Gcn4, MeaB, Atf1, Hac1 and Ada1 are required for morphogenesis as the colony morphology of these gene deletion mutants was significantly different from that of the wild-type. In addition, bZIPs are involved in the resistance to multiple stresses such as oxidative stress (Ada1, Yap1, MetR) and virulence (Hac1, MetR, Yap1, Ada1) at varying degrees. Transcriptome data demonstrated that the inactivation of bZIPs (Hac1, Atf1, Ada1 and Yap1) significantly affected many genes in multiple critical metabolism pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms. Moreover, the ΔHac1 mutants displayed reduced aerial hypha and are hypersensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum disruptors such as tunicamycin and dithiothreitol. Transcriptome analysis showed that inactivation of Hac1 significantly affected the proteasome process and its downstream unfolded protein binding, indicating that Hac1 participates in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response through the conserved unfolded protein response. Taken together, our findings identified many crucial transcription factor genes and pathways related to cell development, abiotic stress response and pathogenesis, and expand our understanding of how microbial pathogens utilize these genes to deal with environmental stresses and achieve successful infection in the host plant.</p>
Fig. 3. A in Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata
Fig. 3. A two-dimensional plot of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of ISSR data showing the clustering of 35 tomato genotypes. On PCA plot, three groups are formed and two other genotypes, namely 111 Falat American and Roma, scattered on the plot and do not fall under any of the groups. The distribution of genetic variation within, and among, groups, was detected using the molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) in GenAlEx software. Genetic variation indices, including observed number of alleles (Na) and effective numbers of alleles (Ne), Shannon's information index (I), Nei's gene diversity (H), percent of polymorphic loci (PPL), were estimated using POP-GENE software.
Fig. 1 in Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata
Fig. 1. Ward's clustering dendrogram of 35 tomato genotypes based on resistance to Alternaria alternata. Note: Cluster Ӏ consisted of moderately susceptible and moderately resistant genotypes, Cluster ӀӀ consisted of resistant genotypes and Cluster ӀӀӀ consisted of highly susceptible genotypes. Disease severity was assessed based on infection percent (0–100) against the scoring scales of: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100%.
Fig. 2 in Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata
Fig. 2. Grouping of 35 tomato genotypes and lines using the UPGMA method based on complete algorithm and Jaccard's similarity coefficient of 11 ISSR molecular markers. G1 consisted of highly susceptible genotype, G2 consisted of susceptible genotype, G3 consisted of moderately susceptible genotype, G4 consisted of moderately resistant genotype and G5 consisted of resistant genotype. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship among the tomato genotypes and response variability and cluster analysis of data was performed using SPSS software.
Differential protease content of mast cells in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and the processing of IL-33 in Alternaria alternata induced allergic asthma in mice
GEO Series GSE216642. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Mold Allergy in Austria: Clinical Relevance of Alternaria Alternata and Related Species
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05101733. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
To Determine the Minimum Amount of Alternaria Alternata Allergen Extract Producing a Positive Skin Reaction.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01984528. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Beltavac® Polymerized With Alternaria Alternata
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03604718. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Fig. 4 in Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata
Fig. 4. Three-dimensional PCA plot using ISSR data of 35 tomato genotypes. The distribution of genetic variation within, and among, groups, was detected using the molecular variance analysis in GenAlEx software. Genetic variation indices, including observed number of alleles and effective numbers of alleles, Shannon's information index, Nei's gene diversity, percent of polymorphic loci, were estimated using POP-GENE software.
Mechanism of melatonin regulating the interaction between radish and Alternaria alternata
GEO Series GSE170796. Alternaria alternata. 9 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Transcriptome sequencing of postharvest melon fruit infected by Alternaria alternata
GEO Series GSE226614. Cucumis melo. 60 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Transcriptome analysis of wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata after Alternaria alternata infection
GEO Series GSE61574. Nicotiana attenuata. 2 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Expression data from the process of chilling stress causing Alternaria alternata infection and leading to cotton leaf senescence
GEO Series GSE74412. Gossypium barbadense; Gossypium raimondii; Gossypium arboreum; Gossypium hirsutum. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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