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38 results for “Amazonian lowland”
FIGURE 1 in When roads cross streams: fish assemblage responses to fluvial fragmentation in lowland Amazonian streams
FIGURE 1 | Sampled streams location in northeastern Pará, Brazil. Circle: Igarapé Buiuna; Diamond: Igarapé Laranjal; Square: Igarapé São João; Star: Igarapé Pirapema; Triangle: Igarapé Timboteua.
FIGURE 2 in When roads cross streams: fish assemblage responses to fluvial fragmentation in lowland Amazonian streams
FIGURE 2 | ANOVA results for environmental significant differences among stream reach groups. A. Depth; B. Water flow. D: Downstream reaches from impoundments; I: Impounded reaches; U: Upstream reaches from impoundments.
FIGURE 3 in When roads cross streams: fish assemblage responses to fluvial fragmentation in lowland Amazonian streams
FIGURE 3 | NMDS results for fish assemblage composition in northeastern Amazonian streams. A. Taxonomic composition. Fitted variables: Dep: average depth; Mac: macrophytes; Sdiv: substrate diversity; Vis: visibility; WF: average water flow. B. Functional composition. Fitted variables: CoL: coarse litter; Dep: average depth; Mac: macrophytes; MaxT: maximum temperature; San: sand; WF: average water flow. Dot-dashed polygon: Upstream reaches (U); Dotted polygon: Downstream reaches (D); Dashed polygon: Impounded reaches (I). For species and functional groups codes, see Tab. S1.
Data from: Defaunation increases the spatial clustering of lowland Western Amazonian tree communities
1.Declines of large vertebrates in tropical forests may reduce dispersal of tree species that rely on them, and the resulting undispersed seedlings might suffer increased distance- and density- dependent mortality. Consequently, extirpation of large vertebrates may alter the composition and spatial structure of plant communities and impair ecosystem functions like carbon storage. 2.We analysed spatial patterns of tree recruitment within six forest plots along a defaunation gradient in western Amazonia. We divided recruits into two size cohorts ("saplings", ≥1 m tall and <1 cm diameter at breast height [dbh], and juveniles, 1 – 2 cm dbh) and examined the spatial organization of conspecific recruits within each cohort (within-cohort) and around conspecific reproductive-sized trees (between-cohort). We used replicated spatial point pattern analysis to quantify relationships between recruit clustering and cohort, defaunation intensity, each tree species' reliance on hunted dispersers and the interactions among these three covariates. 3.Within-cohort clustering of conspecific saplings increased with reliance of tree species on hunted dispersers and this trend strengthened significantly as defaunation increased, probably because of reduced dispersal. 4.Within-cohort clustering of conspecifics declined from saplings to juveniles, suggesting density-dependent mortality of saplings. However, the positive relationship between sapling clustering and defaunation did not lead to greater reductions in within-cohort clustering during the sapling-juvenile transition, suggesting that higher conspecific densities did not translate into increased mortality. Instead, the increased spatial clustering associated with defaunation was retained for juvenile recruits. 5.Between-cohort clustering was unrelated to defaunation and did not change during the sapling – juvenile transition. 6.Synthesis: Defaunation increased spatial aggregation of saplings of tree species reliant on hunted dispersers. The increase in sapling clustering did not increase density-dependent thinning, and persisted into older recruit cohorts, suggesting that hunting may initiate long-term spatial reorganisation of Amazonian tree communities. The lack of increased density-dependent thinning indicates that reduced dispersal did not increase mortality of large-vertebrate dispersed tree species that contribute disproportionately to forest biomass. We therefore caution against the fait accompli acceptance of the prediction by recent modelling studies that overhunting will precipitate a collapse in carbon sequestration by tropical forests.
Data from: Lowland tapirs facilitate seed dispersal in degraded Amazonian forests
The forests of southeastern Amazonia are highly threatened by disturbances such as fragmentation, understory fires and extreme climatic events. Large-bodied frugivores such as the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) have the potential to offset this process, supporting natural forest regeneration by dispersing a variety of seeds over long distances to disturbed forests. However, we know little about their effectiveness as seed dispersers in degraded forest landscapes. Here, we investigate the seed dispersal function of lowland tapirs in Amazonian forests subject to a range of human (fire, fragmentation) and natural (extreme droughts, windstorms) disturbances, using a combination of field observations, camera traps, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Tapirs travel and defecate more often in degraded forests, dispersing much more seeds in these areas [9,822 seeds per ha/yr (CI95% = 9,106; 11,838)] than in undisturbed forests [2,950 seeds per ha/yr (CI95% = 2,961; 3,771)]. By effectively dispersing seeds across disturbed forests, tapirs may contribute to natural forest regeneration – the cheapest and usually the most feasible way to achieve large-scale restoration of tropical forests. Through the dispersal of large-seeded species that eventually become large trees, such frugivores also contribute indirectly to maintaining forest carbon stocks. These functions may be critical in helping tropical countries to achieve their goals to maintain and restore biodiversity and its ecosystem services. Ultimately, preserving these animals along with their habitats may help in the process of natural recovery of degraded forests throughout the tropics.
Data from: Defaunation increases the spatial clustering of lowland Western Amazonian tree communities
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Data from: Lowland tapirs facilitate seed dispersal in degraded Amazonian forests
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Data from: Seasonal dynamics of flock interaction networks across a human-modified landscape in lowland Amazonian rainforest
<p><span>Although lowland tropical rainforests were once widely believed to be the archetype of stability, seasonal variation exists. In these environments, seasonality is defined by rainfall, leading to a predictable pattern of biotic and abiotic changes. Only the full annual cycle reveals niche breadth, yet most studies of tropical organisms ignore seasonality, thereby underestimating realized conditions. If human-modified habitats display more seasonal stress than intact habitats, then ignoring seasonality will have particularly important repercussions for conservation. We examined the seasonal dynamics of Amazonian mixed-species flocks—an important species interaction network—across three habitats with increasing human disturbance. We quantified seasonal space use, species richness and attendance, and four ecological network metrics for flocks in primary forest, small forest fragments, and regenerating secondary forest in central Amazonia. Our results indicate that, even in intact, lowland rainforest, mixed-species flocks exhibit seasonal differences. </span>During the dry season, flocks included more species, generally ranged over larger areas, and displayed network structures that were less complex and less cohesive. We speculate that because most flocking species nest during the dry season—a time of reduced arthropod abundance—flocks are simultaneously constrained by these two competing pressures. Moreover, these seasonal differences were most pronounced in forest fragments and secondary forest, habitats that are less buffered from the changing seasons. <span>Our results suggest that seasonality influences the conservation value of human-modified habitats, raising important questions about how rainforest organisms will cope with an increasingly unstable climate.</span></p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Amazonian lowlands in Perú
FIGURE 3. Call comparisons of closely related species. The data is listed as following: species (ambient temperature, location of individual, mean frequency). A. D. uakarii (26°C, Tahauyo, 3780 hz). B. D. ventrimaculatus sensu lato (24°C, Iquitos, 4900 hz) C. D. fantasticus (24°C, Iquitos, 3350 hz). D. D. reticulatus (29°C, Iquitos, 4130 hz).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Amazonian lowlands in Perú
FIGURE 4. Character transformation for Dendrobates uakarii, sp. nov. diagnostic nucleotide site substitutions using ACCTRAN optimization. Alignment available online at http://www. dendrobates.org/permanent/duakarii.zip
FIGURE 2. A photographic illustration comparing D in A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Amazonian lowlands in Perú
FIGURE 2. A photographic illustration comparing D. uakarii, sp. nov. to similar species. D. uakarii, sp. nov. (holotype) from TamashiyacuTahauyo Communal Reserve (A. Dorsum B. Venter). Near Rio Yarapa, south of Rio Tahuayo, populations have thinner dorsolateral and vertebral lines with brighter red stripes (C. photo: Devon Graham). D. D. duellmani, Yasuni, Ecuador (photo: Petra Bartelds). E. D. ventrimaculatus sp. aff. Solimoes, Amazonas, Brazil (photo: Janalee P. Caldwell). F. D. ventrimaculatus sensu lato, TamashiyacuTahauyo Communal Reserve, Peru. G. D. reticulatus, Iquitos, Peru (photo: Evan Twomey).
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogram derived from a Bayesian backbone constraint consensus tree constructed using only taxa for which 12S, 16S, cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I in A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Amazonian lowlands in Perú
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogram derived from a Bayesian backbone constraint consensus tree constructed using only taxa for which 12S, 16S, cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I sequence data were available. Numbers indicate posterior probabilities from the Bayesian analysis. Species of the Ventrimaculatus group are denoted with s.s. (sensu stricto), s.l. (sensu lato) and sp. aff (species affinis).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of northern Peru (Region Loreto and San Martín)
FIGURE 4. Map illustrating collecting sites (indicated by circles) and type locality (indicated by a star) of the type series of Pristimantis orcus in northern Peru.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of northern Peru (Region Loreto and San Martín)
FIGURE 3. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head and ventral views of hand (C) and foot (D) of Pristimantis orcus (MUSM 27435). Scale bar = 5 mm. Drawings by E. Lehr.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of northern Peru (Region Loreto and San Martín)
FIGURE 1. Left column: Female Pristimantis orcus (MUSM 27435, holotype, SVL 36.5 mm) in dorsolateral (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views; right column: male Pristimantis orcus (MUSM 25938, paratype, SVL 22.4 mm) in dorsolateral (D), lateral (E), and ventral (F) views. Photos A–C by D. Rodríguez, photos D–F by A. Catenazzi.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of northern Peru (Region Loreto and San Martín)
FIGURE 2. Preserved Pristimantis orcus (holotype) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Photos by E. Lehr.
Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira. in Callitrichiade
Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira.
Distribution. Amazonian lowlands and E Andean slopes of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia, also on E Brazil and Trinidad I. in Phyllostomidae
Distribution. Amazonian lowlands and E Andean slopes of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia, also on E Brazil and Trinidad I.
Distribution. NE Amazonian lowlands N of the Amazon River and E of Orinoco and Rio Negro rivers in E Venezuela, the Guianas, and N Brazil. in Erethizontidae
Distribution. NE Amazonian lowlands N of the Amazon River and E of Orinoco and Rio Negro rivers in E Venezuela, the Guianas, and N Brazil.
Distribution. E Andean foothills and adjacent Amazonian lowland forests from N in Erethizontidae
Distribution. E Andean foothills and adjacent Amazonian lowland forests from N Peru (San Martin Region) S to W Bolivia and some isolated populations in relictual montane forests on the W slope of the Andes in N Peru (Cajamarca Region); first recorded in W Brazil in 2013 (Acre State) and possibly in NW Argentina (Jujuy Province). Earlier reports from Amazonas in Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela are based on misidentifications.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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