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11 results for “Amphitropical”
A multi-locus phylogeny for the Diamesinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) provides new insights into evolution of an amphitropical clade
<p>Aligned FASTA files for each locus, Concatinated Dataset, Input files for MrBayes, IqTree2, PartitionFinder and RASP. Ready trees after MrBayes and BEAST. </p>
Data from: Parallel Pleistocene amphitropical disjunctions in a parasitic plant and its host
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Aphyllon is a clade of holoparasites that includes closely related North American and South American species parasitic on Grindelia. Both Aphyllon (Orobanchaceae) and Grindelia (Asteraceae) have amphitropical disjunctions between North America and South America; however, the timing of these patterns and the processes to explain them are unknown. METHODS: Chronograms for the Orobanchaceae and Grindelia and their relatives were constructed using fossil and secondary calibration points, one of which was based on the inferred timing of horizontal gene transfer from a papilionoid legume into the common ancestor of Orobanche and Phelipanche. Elevated rates of molecular evolution in the Orobanchaceae have hindered efforts to determine reliable divergence time estimates in the absence of a fossil record. However, using a horizontal gene transfer event as a secondary calibration overcomes this limitation. These chronograms were used to reconstruct the biogeography of Aphyllon, Grindelia, and relatives using a DEC+J model implemented in RevBayes. KEY RESULTS: Aphyllon had two amphitropical dispersals from North America to South America, while Grindelia had a single dispersal. The dispersal of the Aphyllon lineage that is parasitic on Grindelia (0.40 Ma) took place somewhat after Grindelia began to diversify in South America (0.93 Ma). Using a secondary calibration based on horizontal gene transfer, we infer more recent divergence dates of holoparasitic Orobancheae than previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Parallel host–parasite amphitropical disjunctions in Grindelia and Aphyllon illustrate one means by which ecological specialization may result in nonindependent patterns of diversity in distantly related lineages. Although Grindelia and Aphyllon both dispersed to South America recently, Grindelia appears to have diversified more extensively following colonization. More broadly, recent Pleistocene glaciations probably have also contributed to patterns of diversity and biogeography of temperate northern hemisphere Orobancheae. We also demonstrate the utility of using horizontal gene transfer events from well-dated clades to calibrate parasite phylogenies in the absence of a fossil record.
Data from: Parallel Pleistocene amphitropical disjunctions in a parasitic plant and its host
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FIGURE 4 in A range extension of a deep-sea barnacle of the genus Aurivillialepas (Cirripedia, Scalpellomorpha), a Macaronesian and amphitropical refugial genus having Mesozoic affinities
FIGURE 4. Aurivillialepas calycula: right lateral view, specimen from the Museum Oceanographique de Monaco (MOM 335116). White bar=5.0 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A range extension of a deep-sea barnacle of the genus Aurivillialepas (Cirripedia, Scalpellomorpha), a Macaronesian and amphitropical refugial genus having Mesozoic affinities
FIGURE 2. Aurivillialepas calycula: right lateral view, SEM images of A, scutum; B, tergum and carina; C, peduncle and rostrolatus. White bar=2.0 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A range extension of a deep-sea barnacle of the genus Aurivillialepas (Cirripedia, Scalpellomorpha), a Macaronesian and amphitropical refugial genus having Mesozoic affinities
FIGURE 3. Aurivillialepas calycula: complemental male, left lateral and right lateral views respectively (MZUF 602), remarkable for a scillaelepadine male in having all capitular plates except SC (albeit RL appears to be missing on right side). White bar=1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A range extension of a deep-sea barnacle of the genus Aurivillialepas (Cirripedia, Scalpellomorpha), a Macaronesian and amphitropical refugial genus having Mesozoic affinities
FIGURE 1. Aurivillialepas calycula: from the left to right and from above to below: right lateral view of both specimens; left lateral view; carinal view; rostral view. White bar=5.0 mm (MZUF 602).
FIGURE 5. A–B in A range extension of a deep-sea barnacle of the genus Aurivillialepas (Cirripedia, Scalpellomorpha), a Macaronesian and amphitropical refugial genus having Mesozoic affinities
FIGURE 5. A–B, distribution of Aurivillialepas spp. Northern hemisphere, Atlantic Ocean (Macaronesia in part): ■ A. bocquetae, ♦ A. calycula and ▲ A. falcata, and southern hemisphere (off Brazil and south of Madagascar) ★, A. rhabdota and Ο A. arnaudi.
Fig. 2 in First Phylogenomic Assessment of the Amphitropical New World Ant Genus <i>Dorymyrmex</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Longstanding Taxonomic Puzzle
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny of Dorymyrmex inferred in IQ-TREE v2.1.2., with an identical topology to the Bayesian phylogeny (Supp Fig. S3 [online only]) inferred in ExaBayes v1.5.1. Clades are highlighted by color and main nodes and clades are numbered for easy reference in the text. All support values are at maximum (100% bootstrap, posterior probability of 1) except where indicated. For ML analysis, IQ-TREE included three independent runs, each with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates, drawing on the data matrix of 904 partitions determined using the SWSC-EN method and using the best-fit models chosen by IQ-TREE ModelFinder. For Bayesian analysis, ExaBayes included 4 independent runs of 2 chains each, which continued for 1.5 million generations (first 100,000 generations discarded for diagnostics), under the same SWSC-EN partitioning scheme and a GTR+G model (full details in Methods).
Fig. 1 in First Phylogenomic Assessment of the Amphitropical New World Ant Genus <i>Dorymyrmex</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Longstanding Taxonomic Puzzle
Fig. 1. Diagnostic characters of Dorymyrmex workers (Shattuck 1992; Bolton 1994). Angle of propodeum (ppd) with single medial dorsal spine/tooth; psammophore (ps) present; segment 3 of maxillary palp (mxp3) elongate; numerous elongate, curved clypeal setae (cs) extending from the anterior margin of the clypeus forward over the mandibles; apical tooth (at) of mandibles greatly elongate. Specimen: D. richteri, CASENT0249680, phot. Ryan Perry.
Fig. 3 in First Phylogenomic Assessment of the Amphitropical New World Ant Genus <i>Dorymyrmex</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Longstanding Taxonomic Puzzle
Fig. 3. Divergence dates of Dorymyrmex and outgroups as estimated in MCMCTree (in PAML v4.9), with a map of specimen collection localities. Estimated node ages are displayed with 95% highest probability density (HPD) distributions.Two soft calibration points were used, indicated with grey HPD distributions: (i) The root node 'L(DF)', uniting Leptomyrmex + (Dorymyrmex + Forelius), was assigned a range of 59–42 Ma, and (ii) the divergence between D. planidens and D. bicolor (Node 1) was assigned a range of 33–13 Ma, both based on previous studies incorporating other dolichoderine genera and fossil calibrations (Ward et al. 2010; Boudinot et al. 2016). For full collection details, please see SuppTable 2 (online only); for all HPD distributions, Supp Fig. S4 (online only); for all node age estimations, Supp Fig. S5 (online only). Figure was created using the R packages MCMCTreeR and phytools (phylo.to.map function).
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