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11 results for “Anisogamy”
Data for: Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy
<p>This repository contains simulated datasets relating to the publication: Henshaw JM, Bittlingmaier M, Schärer L. Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy. In this paper, we simulated the coevolution of sex allocation and gamete size in populations with pre-existing binary mating types. Under varying parameter combinations, we tracked the evolution of the following variables over multiple simulation runs, with each run lasting 10 000 generations:</p> <p>1. The mean size of gametes of each mating type</p> <p>2. The population mean sex allocation (average proportion of resources allocated to male function)</p> <p>3. The population proportions of hermaphrodites and of individuals specialised in each gamete type</p> <p>4. The mean individual fertilisation rate (defined as the proportion of larger-type gametes that are fertilised, averaged over all individuals)</p> <p>Each 'output' dataset in this repository contains the values of the above variables recorded every ten generations over a single simulation run. The accompanying 'parameter' datasets contain a list of the parameter values underlying each simulation run. For further information, please see the publication and the file README.md in this repository.</p>
Data for: Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy
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An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy
<p>In eukaryotes, the gamete size difference between the two sexes (anisogamy) evolved from gametes of equal size in both mating types (isogamy) and is plausibly claimed to generate sexual selection in morphology and behaviour. The gamete dynamics (GD) model for anisogamy evolution combines gamete limitation and competition and predicts that, if gametes of both mating types can develop parthenogenetically (i.e. without fusing with the opposite mating type), large isogamy can evolve under gamete-limited conditions. Ulvophycean marine green algae that exhibit various gametic systems from isogamy to anisogamy are important models for testing such theories. However, in most previous papers, whether a species is isogamous or anisogamous has not been examined statistically, which leaves the above theoretical prediction untested. We reveal (i) that the gametic system of <em>Struvea okamurae</em> is large isogamy using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), which accounted for the variation of gamete size among individual gametophytes, and (ii) that gametes of this alga can actually develop parthenogenetically, contrary to a previous report. Habitat environments and gametic behaviour suggest that this alga might experience gamete-limited conditions. <em>S. okamurae</em> seems to produce large parthenogenetic isogametes following GD model predictions, as an adaptation to deep waters.</p>
Anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection
<p>Males and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these behaviours are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that the root of these differences is anisogamy (i.e., differences in size and/or function of gametes between the sexes) that leads to biased sexual selection, and sex differences in parental care and body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, is contentious since some of the underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate the relationships between anisogamy, sexual size dimorphism, sex difference in parental care and intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 64 species from a wide range of animal taxa. The results question the first step of the Darwin–Bateman paradigm, as the extent of anisogamy does not appear to predict the intensity of sexual selection. The only significant predictor of sexual selection is the relative inputs of males and females into the care of offspring. We propose that ecological factors, life-history and demography have more substantial impacts on contemporary sex roles than the differences of gametic investments between the sexes.</p>
Anisogamy does not always promote the evolution of mating competition traits in males
<p>Anisogamy has evolved in most sexually reproducing multicellular organisms allowing the definition of the male and female sexes, producing small and large gametes. Anisogamy, as the initial sexual dimorphism, is a good starting point to understand the evolution of further sexual dimorphisms. For instance, it is generally accepted that anisogamy sets the stage for more intense mating competition in males than in females. We argue that this idea stems from a restrictive assumption on the conditions under which anisogamy evolved in the first place: the absence of sperm limitation (assuming that all female gametes are fertilized). Here, we relax this assumption and present a model that considers the coevolution of gamete size with a mating competition trait, starting in a population without dimorphism. We vary gamete density to produce different scenarios of gamete limitation. We show that, while at high gamete density the evolution of anisogamy always results in male investment in competition, gamete limitation at intermediate gamete densities allows for either females or males to invest more into mating competition. Our results thus suggest that anisogamy does not always promote mating competition among males. The conditions under which anisogamy evolves matter, as well as the competition trait.</p>
Anisogamy does not always promote the evolution of mating competition traits in males
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Anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection
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An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy
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Data from: Anisogamy and the Darwin-Bateman paradigm
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Data from: Unravelling anisogamy: egg size and ejaculate size mediate selection on morphology in free-swimming sperm
Gamete dimorphism (anisogamy) defines the sexes in most multicellular organisms. Theoretical explanations for its maintenance usually emphasize the size-related selection pressures of sperm competition and zygote survival, assuming that fertilization of all eggs precludes selection for phenotypes that enhance fertility. In external fertilizers, however, fertilization is often incomplete due to sperm limitation, and the risk of polyspermy weakens the advantage of high sperm numbers that is predicted to limit sperm size, allowing alternative selection pressures to target free-swimming sperm. We asked whether egg size and ejaculate size mediate selection on the free-swimming sperm of Galeolaria caespitosa, a marine tubeworm with external fertilization, by comparing relationships between sperm morphology and male fertility across manipulations of egg size and sperm density. Our results suggest that selection pressures exerted by these factors may aid the maintenance of anisogamy in external fertilizers by limiting the adaptive value of larger sperm in the absence of competition. In doing so, our study offers a more complete explanation for the stability of anisogamy across the range of sperm environments typical of this mating system and identifies new potential for the sexes to coevolve via mutual selection pressures exerted by gametes at fertilization.
Data from: Unravelling anisogamy: egg size and ejaculate size mediate selection on morphology in free-swimming sperm
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