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39 results for “Anomodontia”
Data from: A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia
Cistecephalids are among the most distinctive Permian dicynodonts because of their highly derived skulls and postcrania, which indicate a fossorial ecology. Four cistecephalid species have been described from India, South Africa, and Tanzania; a fifth putative species has been reported from the Luangwa Basin of Zambia but never formally described. Here we present a detailed description of the Luangwa Basin cistecephalid, which we name Kembawacela kitchingi gen. et. sp. nov. The most obvious diagnostic character of K. kitchingi is the presence of caniniform tusks in most specimens. Other important characters include a pineal foramen located at the posterior end of the skull roof; an interparietal that has a pair of anterior processes that extend onto the dorsal surface of the skull, flanking the pineal foramen (but otherwise is restricted to the occipital surface); an undivided nuchal crest; and a trough on the ventral surface of the mid-ventral vomerine plate. Phylogenetic analysis reconstructs Kembawacela as a basal cistecephalid and confirms that Cistecephalidae is a well-supported clade. However, relationships within the clade received low branch support. Increased knowledge of cistecephalid diversity shows that they vary in functionally relevant characters, such as degree of inflation of the bony vestibule and the morphology of the scapula and humerus, indicating the need for a more nuanced approach to the relationship between form, function, and ecology in the clade. The highly allopatric distribution of cistecephalid species suggests that they experienced strong interspecific competition for limited resources and had limited dispersal ability, similar to extant subterranean mammals.
Figure 10 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 10. Specimens tentatively considered juvenile representatives of Digalodon rubidgei. RC 303 in dorsal (a) and right lateral (b) views. RC 306 in dorsal (c) and right lateral (d) views. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Figure 9. USNM 22941, a in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 9. USNM 22941, a "large emydopoid" from Richmond considered a possible sexually dimorphic female of Digalodon rubidgei in dorsal (a), palatal (b), left lateral (c), and occipital (d) views. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 6 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 6. Photographs of B 42, a referred specimen of Digalodon rubidgei, in dorsal (a), palatal (b), right lateral (c), left lateral (d), occipital (e), and anterior (f) views. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ae, anterior emargination of palatal rim; apr, anterior palatal ridge; co, crista oesophagea; ip, interparietal; lar, lateral anterior palatal ridge; lpf, lateral palatal foramen; pa, parietal; pla, pila antotica; ve, vertebra; vf, vascular foramen.
Figure 11 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 11. Photographs of "large emydopoid" material from the Graaff-Reinet area referable to Compsodon helmoedi. RC 641, a specimen referable to Compsodon helmoedi in dorsal (a) view. RC 736, a specimen referable to Compsodon helmoedi in dorsal (b) and right lateral (c) views. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Figure 7 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 7. Photographs of BP/1/157, a referred specimen of Digalodon rubidgei, in dorsal (a) and left lateral (b) views. Abbreviations: cp, caniniform process; ds, tip of dentary symphysis; nb, nasal boss. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 3 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 3. Photograph (a) and interpretive drawing (b) of RC 76, the holotype of Digalodon rubidgei, in ventral view. Gray indicates matrix, hatching indicates damaged bone surface, and cross-hatching indicates plaster. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: apr, anterior palatal ridge; apt, anterior pterygoid ramus; bo, basioccipital; bt, basal tuber; co, crista oesophagea; cp, caniniform process; ec, ectopterygoid; ipv, interpterygoid vacuity; j, jugal; mpr, posterior median palatal ridge; mx, maxilla; op, opisthotic; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; q, quadrate; qpt, quadrate pterygoid ramus; sq, squamosal; st, stapes; t, tusk; v, vomer; vf, vascular foramen.
Figure 2 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 2. RC 76, the holotype of Digalodon rubidgei, in left lateral (a, photograph; b, interpretive drawing) and right lateral (c, photograph; d, interpretive drawing) views. Gray indicates matrix, hatching indicates damaged bone surface, and cross-hatching indicates plaster. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: cp, caniniform process; ec, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; lcf, lacrimal foramen; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; t, tusk; vf, vascular foramen.
Figure 8 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 8. Photograph of RC 469, a specimen referable to Digalodon rubidgei, in dorsal view. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 1 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 1. Photograph (a) and interpretive drawing (b) of RC 76, the holotype of Digalodon rubidgei, in dorsal view. Gray indicates matrix, hatching indicates damaged bone surface, and cross-hatching indicates plaster. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: f, frontal; ip, interparietal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pf, pineal foramen; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pp, preparietal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; sq, squamosal; ta, tabular.
Figure 5 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 5. Phylogenetic position of Digalodon rubidgei within Dicynodontia based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis. Eo. = Eodicynodon.
Figure 4 in Redescription of Digalodon rubidgei, an emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Late Permian of South Africa
Figure 4. Photograph (a) and interpretive drawing (b) of RC 76, the holotype of Digalodon rubidgei, in occipital view. Gray indicates matrix, hatching indicates damaged bone surface, and cross-hatching indicates plaster. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; dn, dorsolateral notch in squamosal; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; ip, interparietal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pe, paroccipital eminence; ptf, post-temporal fenestra; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, stapes; ta, tabular.
Data from: A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia
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Effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analysis of fossils: a case study using the dicynodont Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
<p>Taphonomic deformation, the distortion of fossils as a result of geological processes, poses problems for the use of geometric morphometrics in addressing paleobiological questions. Signal from biological variation, such as ontogenetic trends and sexual dimorphism, may be lost if variation from deformation is too high. Here, we investigate the effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analyses of the abundant, well known Permian therapsid <i>Diictodon feliceps</i>. Distorted <i>Diictodon </i>crania can be categorized into seven typical styles of deformation: lateral compression, dorsoventral compression, anteroposterior compression, 'saddle-shape' deformation (localized collapse at cranial mid-length), anterodorsal shear, anteroventral shear, and right/left shear. In simulated morphometric datasets incorporating known 'biological' signals and subjected to uniform shear, deformation was typically the main source of variance but accurate 'biological' information could be recovered in most cases. However, in empirical datasets, not only was deformation the dominant source of variance, but little structure associated with allometry and sexual dimorphism was apparent, suggesting that the more varied deformation styles suffered by actual fossils overprint biological variation. In a principal component analysis of all anomodont therapsids, deformed <i>Diictodon </i>specimens exhibit significant dispersion around the 'true' position of this taxon in morphospace based on undistorted specimens. The overall variance associated with deformation for Anomodontia as a whole is minor, and the major axes of variation in the study sample show a strong phylogenetic signal instead. Although extremely problematic for studying variation in fossil taxa at lower taxonomic levels, the cumulative effects of deformation in this study are shown to be random, and inclusion of deformed specimens in higher-level analyses of morphological disparity are warranted. Mean morphologies of distorted specimens are found to approximate the morphology of undistorted specimens, so we recommend use of species-level means in higher-level analyses when possible.</p>
Data from: The cranial morphology, phylogenetic position and biogeography of the upper Permian dicynodont Compsodon helmoedi van Hoepen (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
Compsodon helmoedi is an obscure dicynodont originally described based on a single specimen from the upper Permian of the Karoo Basin. The discovery of three new specimens of Compsodon from the Luangwa Basin of Zambia and two additional specimens from South African museum collections facilitates a reassessment of its cranial morphology and phylogenetic position. Compsodon is diagnosed by an autapomorphic secondary palate morphology: medial depression at anterior end of premaxillary secondary palate; medial anterior palatal ridges absent; lateral anterior palatal ridges prominent and extend to posterior end of secondary palate; Y-shaped anterior end of posterior median palatal ridge; embayment of palatal rim anterior to caniniform process divided into two depressions by a posteromedially-trending ridge. Other important characters include the presence of maxillary 'postcanines' and a postcaniniform keel; long interpterygoid vacuity; palatine pad smooth and pierced by a foramen; pineal foramen flanked by swollen eminences of parietals; parietals fused and narrowly exposed between broad postorbitals on dorsal surface of skull; and pocket-like depression on lateral surface of maxilla. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Compsodon is a member of Emydopoidea, but underscores major outstanding problems in our understanding of Permian dicynodont phylogeny that require further attention. The cranial morphology of Compsodon converges on that of cryptodonts like Tropidostoma, and as such represents a unique emydopoid morphotype. The stratigraphic range of Compsodon probably spans the upper Cistecephalus and lower Daptocephalus assemblage zones, and its presence in South Africa and Zambia reinforces a pattern of small Permian dicynodonts with wide geographical ranges in southern Gondwana.
Effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analysis of fossils: a case study using the dicynodont Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
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Data from: The cranial morphology, phylogenetic position and biogeography of the upper Permian dicynodont Compsodon helmoedi van Hoepen (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
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Figure 15 in The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the earliest known arboreal tetrapod
Figure 15. Strict consensus cladogram of the 211 most-parsimonious trees (see text for details). Italic numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50% and bold numbers indicate Bremer decay values. Bremer decay values for nodes that collapse at one extra step are not shown.
Figure 13 in The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the earliest known arboreal tetrapod
Figure 13. Drawing of (A) a partial left hindlimb of Suminia getmanovi (PIN 2212/102) in dorsal view, (B) a partial right hindlimb of S. getmanovi (PIN 2212/103b) in ventral view, and (C) a partial right pes of S. getmanovi (PIN 2212/103a) in right lateral view (compressed). Note that PIN 2212/103a and 2212/103b are isolated specimens that belong to the same individual, as specimen 2 on the block (PIN 2212/116). Refer to the text for the abbreviations list. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 11 in The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the earliest known arboreal tetrapod
Figure 11. Drawing of the left manus of Suminia getmanovi (PIN 2212/104a) in dorsal view. Refer to the text for the abbreviations list. Scale bar: 1 cm.
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