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87 results for “Anthrax”
R scripts, input and output data for: Season of death, pathogen persistence and wildlife behaviour alter number of anthrax secondary infections from environmental reservoirs
<p>An important part of infectious disease management is predicting factors that influence disease outbreaks, such as <em>R</em>, the number of secondary infections arising from an infected individual. Estimating <em>R</em> is particularly challenging for environmentally transmitted pathogens given time lags between cases and subsequent infections. Here, we calculated <em>R</em> for <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> infections arising from anthrax carcass sites in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Combining host behavioural data, pathogen concentrations, and simulation models, we show that <em>R</em> is spatially and temporally variable, driven by spore concentrations at death, host visitation rates and early preference for foraging at infectious sites. While spores were detected up to a decade after death, most secondary infections occurred within two years. Transmission simulations under scenarios combining site infectiousness and host exposure risk under different environmental conditions led to dramatically different outbreak dynamics, from pathogen extinction (<em>R</em><1) to explosive outbreaks (<em>R</em>>10). These transmission heterogeneities may explain variation in anthrax outbreak dynamics observed globally, and more generally, the critical importance of environmental variation underlying host-pathogens interactions. Notably, our approach allowed us to estimate the lethal dose of a highly virulent pathogen non-invasively from observational studies and epidemiological data, useful when experiments on wildlife are undesirable or impractical.</p>
Environmental drivers of biseasonal anthrax outbreak dynamics in two multi-host savanna systems
<p>Environmental factors are common forces driving infectious disease dynamics. We compared inter-annual and seasonal patterns of anthrax infections in two multi-host systems in southern Africa: Etosha National Park, Namibia, and Kruger National Park, South Africa. Using several decades of mortality data from each system, we assessed possible transmission mechanisms behind anthrax dynamics, examining 1) within- and between-species case correlations, and 2) associations between anthrax mortalities and environmental factors, specifically rainfall and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Anthrax cases in Kruger had wide inter-annual variation in case numbers, and large outbreaks seemed to follow roughly a decadal cycle. In contrast, outbreaks in Etosha were smaller in magnitude and occurred annually. In Etosha, the host species commonly affected remained consistent over several decades, although plains zebra (<em>Equus quagga</em>) became relatively more dominant. In Kruger, turnover of the main host species occurred after the 1990s, where the previously dominant host species, greater kudu (<em>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</em>), was replaced by impala (<em>Aepyceros melampus</em>). In both parks, anthrax infections showed two seasonal peaks, with each species having only one peak in a year. Zebra, springbok (<em>Antidorcas marsupialis</em>), wildebeest (<em>Connochaetes taurinus</em>) and impala cases peaked in wet seasons, while elephant (<em>Loxodonta africana</em>), kudu and buffalo (<em>Syncerus caffer</em>) cases peaked in dry seasons. For common host species shared between the two parks, anthrax mortalities peaked in the same season in both systems. Among host species with cases peaking in the same season, anthrax mortalities were mostly synchronized, which may imply similar transmission mechanisms or shared sources of exposure. Between seasons, outbreaks in one species may contribute to more cases in another species in the following season. Higher vegetation greenness was associated with more zebra and springbok anthrax mortalities in Etosha, but fewer elephant cases in Kruger. These results suggest that host behavioral responses to changing environmental conditions may affect anthrax transmission risk, with differences in transmission mechanisms leading to multi-host biseasonal outbreaks. This study reveals the dynamics and potential environmental drivers of anthrax in two savanna systems, providing a better understanding of factors driving biseasonal dynamics and outbreak variation among locations.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 7. Wings of Eoanomala melas gen. and sp. nov. USNM # 595155. 1. Right wing. Note that this wing has been damaged and consequently, its maximum width and the shape of R4 have been affected; 2. Left wing (basal portion not visible in the fossil). Scale bar for both micrographs equals 2 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 6. Eoanomala melas gen. and sp. nov. USNM # 595155. 1. Head and proboscis; 2. Photograph of second flagellomere and terminal style; 3. Stylized line drawing of second flagellomere and style. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm (1) and 0.05 mm (2).
FIGURE 3 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 3. Anthrax succini sp. nov., USNM # 508762. 1. Vestiture from ventral aspect of the specimen. Arrows, from left to right, denote the bare anepimeron and the band of white setae across the anterior sterna of the abdomen; 2. Left wing. The arrow points to the basicosta. Scale bars in both figures equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 4. Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969, UCM # 28427. 1. Photograph of the fossil. 2. Line drawing of venation. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 2. Antennae of Anthrax succini sp. nov., USNM # 508762. Inset = magnified image of the stylet of the right antenna. Scale bar equals 250 Pm.
Figures 2–7. Anthrax dentata Becker, male genitalia. 2 in Anthrax, newly recorded from Vietnam (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Figures 2–7. Anthrax dentata Becker, male genitalia. 2. Epandrium and cercus, dorsal view. 3. Epandrium and cercus, lateral view. 4. Phallus, lateral view. 5. Gonocoxa and gonostylus, lateral view. 6. Gonocoxa and gonostylus, ventral view. 7. Phallus, dorsal view.
Variation in herbivore space use: comparing two savanna ecosystems with different anthrax outbreak patterns in southern Africa
<p><span>Background</span></p> <p><span>The distribution of resources can affect animal range sizes, which in turn may alter infectious disease dynamics in heterogenous environments. The risk of pathogen exposure or the spatial extent of outbreaks may vary with host range size. This study examined the range sizes of herbivorous anthrax host species in two ecosystems and relationships between spatial movement behavior and patterns of disease outbreaks for a multi-host environmentally transmitted pathogen. </span></p> <p><span>Methods</span></p> <p><span>We examined range sizes for seven host species and the spatial extent of anthrax outbreaks in Etosha National Park, Namibia and</span><span> Kruger National Park, South Africa, where the main host species and outbreak sizes differ</span><span>. We evaluated host range sizes using the local convex hull method at different temporal scales, within-individual temporal range overlap, and relationships between ranging behavior and species contributions to anthrax cases in each park. We estimated the spatial extent of annual anthrax mortalities and evaluated whether the extent was correlated with case numbers of a given host species. </span></p> <p><span>Results</span></p> <p><span>Range size differences among species were not linearly related to anthrax case numbers. In Kruger t</span><span>he main host species </span><span>had small range sizes and high range overlap, which may heighten exposure when outbreaks occur within their ranges. However, different patterns were observed in Etosha, where the main host species had large range sizes and relatively little overlap. The spatial extent of anthrax mortalities was similar between parks but less variable in Etosha than Kruger. In Kruger outbreaks varied from small local clusters to large areas and the spatial extent correlated with case numbers and species affected. </span><span>Secondary host species contributed relatively few cases to outbreaks; however, for these species with large range sizes, case numbers positively correlated with outbreak extent.</span></p> <p><span>Conclusions</span></p> <p><span>Our results provide new information on the spatiotemporal structuring of ranging movements of anthrax host species in two ecosystems. The results linking anthrax dynamics to host space use are correlative, yet suggest that, though partial and proximate, host range size and overlap may be contributing factors in outbreak characteristics for environmentally transmitted pathogens. </span></p>
Figs 67–73. Bombyliidae antennae. 67. Anthrax pithecius Fabricius. 68 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)
Figs 67–73. Bombyliidae antennae. 67. Anthrax pithecius Fabricius. 68. Spogostylum punctipenne (Wiedemann) (from Hesse 1956). 69. Villa hottentotta (Linnaeus). 70. Thyridanthrax perspicillaris (Loew). 71. Pachyanthrax sp. 72. Exhyalanthrax muscarius (Pallas). 73. Veribubo gazella Greathead (all from Greathead 1981).
R scripts, input and output data for: Season of death, pathogen persistence and wildlife behaviour alter number of anthrax secondary infections from environmental reservoirs
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Variation in herbivore space use: comparing two savanna ecosystems with different anthrax outbreak patterns in southern Africa
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Environmental drivers of biseasonal anthrax outbreak dynamics in two multi-host savanna systems
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Searching for anthrax in the New York City subway metagenome.
<p>You can view the write up at the following link: http://read-lab-confederation.github.io/nyc-subway-anthrax-study/</p> <p>This data set includes the scripts and write up of the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/Read-Lab-Confederation/nyc-subway-anthrax-study</p> <p> </p> <p>In January 2015 Chris Mason and his team published<sup>1</sup> an in-depth analysis of metagenomic<sup>2</sup> data(environmental shotgun DNA sequence) from samples isolated from public surfaces in the New York City (NYC) subway system. Along with a ton of really interesting findings, the authors claimed to have detected DNA from the bacterial biothreat pathogens <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> (which causes anthrax) and <em>Yersinia pestis</em>(causes plague) in some of the samples. This predictably led to a huge interest from the press and scientists on social media. The authors followed up with an re-analysis of the data on microbe.net<sup>3</sup>, where they showed some results that suggested the tools that they were using for species identification overcalled anthrax and plague.</p> <p><em>B. anthracis</em> is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms tough spores as part of its lifecycle. The 5.2 M basepair (Mb) main chromosome is very similar to those of other bacteria in species informally called the ‘<em>Bacillus cereus</em> group’<sup>4</sup> (including <em>B. cereus</em>, <em>B. thuringiensis</em> and <em>B. mycoides</em>). <em>Bacillus cereus</em> group strains in general are commonly found in soil but <em>B. anthracis</em> itself is very rare and generally associated with livestock grazing sites with a past history of anthrax.</p> <p>What sets <em>B. anthracis</em> apart from close relatives is the presence of two plasmids: pXO1 (181kb), which carries the lethal toxin genes and pXO2 (94kb), which includes genes for a protective capsule. Without one of these plasmids, <em>B. anthracis</em> is considered attenuated in virulence and unable to cause classic anthrax. Other <em>B. cereus</em> group bacteria can have plasmids very similar to pXO1 and pXO2 but missing the important virulence genes. Rarely, other <em>B. cereus</em> group carry pXO1 and appear to cause anthrax-like disease. Its a confusing situation, not helped by the current overly-narrow species definitions. This recent review<sup>5</sup> gives more information.</p> <p>The NYC subway metagenome study raised very timely questions about using unbiased DNA sequencing for pathogen detection. We were interested in this dataset as soon as the publication appeared and started looking deeper into why the analysis software gave false positive results and indeed what exactly was found in the subway samples. We decided to wrap up the results of our preliminary analysis and put it on this site. This report focuses on the results for <em>B. anthracis</em> but we also did some preliminary work on <em>Y.pestis</em> and may follow up on this later.</p> <ol> <li>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405471215000022</li> <li>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics</li> <li>http://microbe.net/2015/02/17/the-long-road-from-data-to-wisdom-and-from-dna-to-pathogen/</li> <li>http://genome.cshlp.org/content/22/8/1512</li> <li>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073255</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 5 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 5. Eoanomala melas gen. and sp. nov. USNM # 595155. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 1. Anthrax succini sp. nov., USNM # 508762. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
Figure 1. Anthrax dentata Becker, 1906 in Anthrax, newly recorded from Vietnam (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Figure 1. Anthrax dentata Becker, 1906, wing.
BARDA Securing Anthrax Immunity For the Elderly
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03518125. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effect of Raxibacumab on Immunogenicity of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02339155. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Velocity 2: An Anthrax Vaccine and Antibiotics Clinical Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04067011. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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