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10 results for “Argyrodes”
Figure 31. Argyrodes, male palps. A–F, A. argyrodes. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 31. Argyrodes, male palps. A–F, A. argyrodes. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, embolic division; note complex interactions of C, embolus. E, close look at the embolus and C. F, the BC-lock system; a hood on the MA tip (78-1) fits the hook on the cymbium (33-0). G, A. elevatus tibia; note trichobothria. two retrolateral (vertical arrows, 18-1) and a single prolateral (horizontal arrow, 19-1). Scale bars: A–C, 100 mm; D–G, 50 mm.
Figure 30. Argyrodinae male prosoma modifications. A, Argyrodes elevatus. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 30. Argyrodinae male prosoma modifications. A, Argyrodes elevatus. B, Faiditus cf. chickeringi. C, Rhomphaea metaltissima. D, Neospintharus trigonum. Scale bars: 100 mm.
Figure 33. Argyrodes argyrodes. A–C, female spinnerets. A, all. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 33. Argyrodes argyrodes. A–C, female spinnerets. A, all. B, PMS and PLS; note huge CY (208-1) with distinctly grooved bases (209-1), and absence of FL (212-1). C, PMS. D, male PMS and PLS, dysfunctional AG (219-0), but no FL scar. E, epigynum. F, tarsal organ (TO); note size relative to setae, enlarged TOs (198-1) are a synapomorphy of the enlarged tarsal organ clade. G, cheliceral promarginal teeth. H, cheliceral retromarginal teeth; denticles in the fang furrow (arrow) are a synapomorphy of Argyrodinae (112-1). Scale bars: A, E, 100 mm; B–D, H, 20 mm; F, 10 mm; G, 50 mm.
Figure 32. Argyrodes. A, B, A. elevatus. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 32. Argyrodes. A, B, A. elevatus. A, male prosomal stridulatory ridges (128-1). B, ditto, female. C–F, A. argyrodes male. C, proprioreceptors (long setae) and SPR (short setae) around pedicel on abdomen. D, close-up of SPR; note that all the setae are orientated ectally (153-0), none towards the axis of the animal (mesially, 156-0). E, prosoma. F, close-up of clypeal modification (130-1, 131-1, 132-1. G, epiandrous gland spigots. H, fourth tarsal claws; note elongated unpaired claw (199-1). Scale bars: A–C, E, F, 100 mm; D, G, H, 20 mm.
Data from: Recent range expansion and genomic admixture in a kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes lanyuensis: A case of adaptive introgression on isolated small island of the Taiwan-Philippine transition zone?
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Data from: Simplifying understory complexity in oil palm plantations is associated with a reduction in the density of a cleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes miniaceus (Araneae: Theridiidae), in host (Araneae: Nephilinae) webs
Expansion of oil palm agriculture is currently one of the main drivers of habitat modification in Southeast Asia. Habitat modification can have significant effects on biodiversity, ecosystem function, and interactions between species by altering species abundances or the available resources in an ecosystem. Increasing complexity within modified habitats has the potential to maintain biodiversity and preserve species interactions. We investigated trophic interactions between Argyrodes miniaceus, a cleptoparasitic spider, and its Nephila spp. spider hosts in mature oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. A. miniaceus co-occupy the webs of Nephila spp. females and survive by stealing prey items caught in the web. We examined the effects of experimentally manipulated understory vegetation complexity on the density and abundance of A. miniaceus in Nephila spp. webs. Experimental understory treatments included enhanced complexity, standard complexity, and reduced complexity understory vegetation, which had been established as part of the ongoing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture (BEFTA) Project. A. miniaceus density ranged from 14.4 to 31.4 spiders per square meter of web, with significantly lower densities found in reduced vegetation complexity treatments compared with both enhanced and standard treatment plots. A. miniaceus abundance per plot was also significantly lower in reduced complexity than in standard and enhanced complexity plots. Synthesis and applications: Maintenance of understory vegetation complexity contributes to the preservation of spider host–cleptoparasite relationships in oil palm plantations. Understory structural complexity in these simplified agroecosystems therefore helps to support abundant spider populations, a functionally important taxon in agricultural landscapes. In addition, management for more structurally complex agricultural habitats can support more complex trophic interactions in tropical agroecosystems.
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of Argyrodes lanyuensis from Philippines and Orchid Island Taiwan using BEAST 1.10
<p>Oceanic islands are unique geographic systems that promote local adaptations and allopatric speciation in many of their highly endemic taxa. This is a common case in the Philippine Archipelago, where numerous unrelated taxa on islands have been inferred to have diversified in isolation. However, few cases have been reported in invertebrates especially among parasitic organisms. Here, we tested for biogeographical structure in novel populations of the "generalist" kleptoparasitic spider, <i>Argyrodes lanyuensis </i>Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 1998<span> in the Philippines</span>. Results showed that, in addition to Orchid Island, this species has a wide geographic distribution in the Philippine Archipelago. The estimated divergence time of this lineage using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt-CO1) suggests that this species diverged <i>ca</i> 3.12 MYA, during the Pliocene. Two reciprocal monophyletic clades were elucidated in <i>A. lanyuensis</i>, but with limited differentiation across Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) boundaries and modern-day islands. However, in our analyses of morphological variation, we identified two phenotypically differentiated units in males (Orchid Island, Taiwan+Luzon, Philippine PAIC populations versus Palawan+West Visayan+Mindanao PAIC populations). We infer that this species diverged in the southern portion of the Philippine Archipelago and only recently colonized Orchid Island. Our study provides new information on the extensive distribution of <i>A. lanyuensis</i> outside Orchid Island, Taiwan, but we documented a very limited geographically associated genetic variation. Our study points to behavioral phenomena such as foraging behavior as essential contributor to the evolutionary process of species diversification, in contrast to the traditionally invoked geographic drivers of divergence.</p>
Fig. 110. Argyrodes elevates Taczanowski, 1873. A in Updated checklist, origin, distribution, literature and genital drawings of the spiders of the Galápagos Islands
Fig. 110. Argyrodes elevates Taczanowski, 1873. A, retrolateral view of male palp. B, ventral view of female epigynum. © M. Leclercq.
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of Argyrodes lanyuensis from Philippines and Orchid Island Taiwan using BEAST 1.10
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Data from: Simplifying understory complexity in oil palm plantations is associated with a reduction in the density of a cleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes miniaceus (Araneae: Theridiidae), in host (Araneae: Nephilinae) webs
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