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139 results for “Arousal.”
Placebo nasal spray protects female participants from experimentally induced sadness and concomitant changes in autonomic arousal (Open Data and Open Materials)
<p><strong>Open Data and Open Materials of: Placebo nasal spray protects female participants from experimentally induced sadness and concomitant changes in autonomic arousal. <em>Journal of Affective Disorders</em>. </strong></p> <p><em>Background:</em> To investigate the powerful placebo effects in antidepressant drug trials and their mechanisms, recent pioneering experimental studies showed that expectation manipulation combined with an active placebo attenuated induced sadness. In the present study, we aimed at extending these findings by assessing the psychophysiological response in addition to mere self-report.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> One hundred thirteen healthy female students were randomly assigned to a drug expectation group (active placebo, positive treatment expectation), placebo expectation group (active placebo, no treatment expectation), or a no-treatment group (no placebo, no treatment expectation). After placebo intake, sadness was induced by self-deprecating statements using the Velten method combined with sad music, including a rumination phase. Sadness was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Expanded Form (PANAS-X). Heart rate and skin conductance were assessed continuously.</p> <p><em>Results:</em> After mood induction and after rumination, self-reported sadness was significantly lower, and skin conductance level was significantly higher, in the drug expectation group than in the no-treatment group. The mood induction was further accompanied by a heart rate deceleration within all groups.</p> <p><em>Limitations: </em>Generalizability is limited by sample selectivity and focusing on sadness as a symptom of depression, exclusively.</p> <p><em>Conclusion:</em> Expectation-induced placebo effects significantly influenced sadness-correlated changes in autonomic arousal, and not only subjectively reported sadness, indicating that placebo effects in the context of affect are not merely due to subjective response bias. The systematic modification of treatment expectation could be utilized in clinical practice to optimize current therapeutic approaches to improve mood regulation.</p>
Examining effects of arousal on responses to salient and non-salient stimuli in younger and older adults
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Spontaneous motor tempo over the course of a week: The role of the time of the day, chronotype, and arousal
<p>The spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) or internal tempo describes the natural pace of predictive and emergent movements such as walking or hand clapping. One of the main research interests in the study of the spontaneous motor tempo relates to factors affecting its pace. Previous studies suggest an influence of the circadian rhythm (i.e., 24-h cycle of the biological clock), physiological arousal changes, and potentially also musical experience. This study aimed at investigating these effects in participants‘ everyday life by measuring their SMT four times a day over seven consecutive days, using an experience sampling method. The pace of the SMT was assessed with a finger-tapping paradigm in a selfdeveloped web application. Measured as the inter-tap interval, the overall mean SMT was 650 ms (SD = 253 ms). Using multi-level modelling (MLM), results show that the pace of the SMT sped up over the course of the day, and that this effect depended on the participants’ chronotype, since participants tending towards morning type were faster in the morning compared to participants tending towards evening type. During the day, the pace of the SMT of morning types stayed relatively constant, whereas it became faster for evening-type participants. Furthermore, higher arousal in participants led to a faster pace of the SMT. Musical sophistication did not influence the SMT. These results indicate that the circadian rhythm influences the internal tempo, since the pace of SMT is not only dependent on the time of the day, but also on the individual entrainment to the 24-h cycle (chronotype).</p>
Automated Classification of Conversation Valence and Arousal using Autonomic Nervous System Responses
<p>This repository contains the supplementary file for our study "Automated Classification of Conversation Valence and Arousal using Autonomic Nervous System Responses". The MS Excel file contains all physiological features (individual features and synchrony features) for all valid dyads and all intervals together with self-report ratings of the conversation (Self-Assessment Manikin) and personality trait data (CES-D, BFNES, QCAE). Synchrony features were calculated using code from a previous Zenodo submission (https://zenodo.org/record/7140829).</p>
Locus coeruleus activity strengthens prioritized memories under arousal
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Ascending arousal network connectivity during recovery from traumatic coma
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Image database to supplement "Paulus, F.M. et al. Pain empathy but not surprise in response to unexpected action explains arousal related pupil dilation." (VIPER database)
<p>This folder contains the 282 images of the "VIPER" database (visually-induced pain empathy repository) along with ratings of 24 independent raters. Details are described in the following publication:</p> <p>Paulus, F.M., Müller-Pinzler, L., Walper, D., Marx, S., Hamschmidt, L., Rademacher, L., Krach, S., Einhäuser, W. Pain empathy but not surprise in response to unexpected action explains arousal related pupil dilation.</p> <p>The material can be used for scientific purposes, provided this reference is appropriately cited. Please check the download site to get the up-to-date reference at the time of your publication.</p> <p> </p> <p>Conditions are identified by the filename of the image, which consists of the number of the scenario (1-83) and the condition identifier:<br> pain<br> neut(ral)<br> mism(atch)<br> tool<br> Note that the tool and the mismatch condition do not exist for all scenarios.</p> <p>The file ratings_viper.csv contains the ratings. Each image corresponds to a line, the columns are as follows:<br> Column 1: Filename of the image<br> Column 2: Scenario number<br> Column 3: condition<br> Columns 4 through 27: ratings of the 24 individuals (between 0 and 4, NaN if there was no rating recorded)</p> <p>The file thumbnail_viper.jpg provides an overview over all images in the database.</p> <p>For ease of download, the images are available as tar-archive (allImages_viper.tar) and as inidivual files.</p> <p> </p>
Estimating the valence, arousal and balance of dyadic conversations using regression algorithms with autonomic nervous system responses
<p>This repository contains extracted data features and all questionnaires from our study "Estimating the valence, arousal and balance of dyadic conversations using regression algorithms with autonomic nervous system responses". </p><p> </p><p>Data_FinalFeatureSet.xlsx contains data for the 42 dyads who completed the study protocol. Rows represent individual participants, with the two participants in the same dyad always on consecutive rows. Columns consist of:</p><ul><li>Participant gender and age.</li><li>Group that dyads were assigned to. PosInit/NeutInit/NegInit represent positive, neutral or negative initial prompts. Devil1st/NoEmot1st represent which of the two secret prompts was presented first ("devil's advocate" or "no emotion").</li><li>A column stating which of the two participants was given the secret prompts (participant on left or right).</li><li>A column stating whether the participants had already known each other before the session (Y/N).</li><li>Extracted physiological features for 12 intervals: the first baseline (interval 1), 10 conversation intervals (intervals 2-11), and the second baseline (interval 12). Individual features are present for all individual participants while synchrony features exist for dyads (not individuals) and are thus present for only one row of a dyad.</li><li>Raw data from three personality questionnaires: the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNES), the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD).</li><li>Self-reported results of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) for the 10 conversation intervals, with the three columns in each interval corresponding to valence, arousal and balance.</li></ul><p>Note that one dyad's physiological data were corrupted and that dyad was not used for further analysis. Their demographics and questionnaire data are included, but no physiological features were calculated.</p><p> </p><p>Questionnaire files include the BFNES, QCAE and CESD as well as three versions of our modified SAM: one with no secret prompts, one with secret prompts for participants who saw the "devil's advocate" prompt first, and one with secret prompts for participants who saw the "no emotion" prompt first.</p>
Tapping to hip-hop: Effects of cognitive load, arousal, and musical meter on time experiences
<p>This upload contains the data set for the study published in Attention, Perception and Psychophysics.</p>
Vocal communication is tied to interpersonal arousal coupling in caregiver-infant dyads
<p>It has been argued that a necessary condition for the emergence of speech in humans is the ability to vocalize irrespectively of underlying affective states, but when and how this happens during development remains unclear. To examine this, we used wearable microphones and autonomic sensors to collect multimodal naturalistic datasets from 12-month-olds and their caregivers. We observed that, across the day, clusters of vocalisations occur during elevated infant and caregiver arousal. This relationship is stronger in infants than caregivers: caregivers' vocalizations show greater decoupling with their own states of arousal, and their vocal production is more influenced by the infant's arousal than their own. Different types of vocalisation elicit different patterns of change across the dyad. Cries occur following reduced infant arousal stability and lead to increased child-caregiver arousal coupling, and decreased infant arousal. Speech-like vocalisations also occur at elevated arousal, but lead to longer-lasting increases in arousal, and elicit more parental verbal responses. Our results suggest that: 12-month-old infants' vocalisations are strongly contingent on their arousal state (for both cries and speech-like vocalisations), whereas adults' vocalisations are more flexibly tied to their own arousal; that cries and speech-like vocalisations alter the intra-dyadic dynamics of arousal in different ways, which may be an important factor driving speech development; and that this selection mechanism which drives vocal development is anchored in our stress physiology.</p>
Data from: Relating pupil diameter and blinking to cortical activity and hemodynamics across arousal states
<p>Arousal state affects neural activity and vascular dynamics in the cortex, with sleep associated with large changes in the local field potential (LFP) and increases in cortical blood flow. We investigated the relationship between pupil diameter and blink rate with neural activity and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex in male and female unanesthetized, head-fixed mice. We monitored these variables while the mice were awake, during periods of rapid eye movement (REM), and during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Pupil diameter was smaller during sleep than in the awake state. Changes in pupil diameter were coherent with both gamma-band power and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex, but the strength and sign of this relationship varied with arousal state. We observed a strong negative correlation between pupil diameter and both gamma-band power and blood volume during periods of awake rest and NREM sleep, though the correlations between pupil diameter and these signals became positive during periods of alertness, active whisking, and REM. Blinking was associated with increases in arousal and decreases in blood volume when the mouse was asleep. Bilateral coherence in gamma-band power and in blood volume dropped following awake blinking, indicating a 'reset' of neural and vascular activity. Using only eye metrics (pupil diameter and eye motion), we could determine the mouse's arousal state ('Awake', 'NREM', 'REM') with greater than 90% accuracy with a 5-second resolution. There is a strong relationship between pupil diameter and hemodynamics signals in mice, reflecting the pronounced effects of arousal on cerebrovascular dynamics.</p>
Harvard Ascending Arousal Network Atlas – Version 2.0
<p>The ascending arousal network (AAN) is a subcortical neural network that is critical to consciousness. AAN neurons connect the brainstem to the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain and cortex, activating cortically-based awareness networks. The reticular core of the AAN was first described by Moruzzi and Magoun in 1949, who coined the classical term "ascending reticular activating system" (Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1949;1:455-73). Here, we use the term AAN because many brainstem nuclei that contribute to arousal are located outside of the pontine and midbrain reticular core (e.g., locus coeruleus, parabrachial complex, etc.), and because we believe that the word "network" appropriately connotes the physiological mechanisms by which multiple modular circuits interrelate to enable the emergent property of arousal, and hence consciousness. To date, the majority of studies investigating AAN connectivity have utilized animal models. As a result, current knowledge about the structural and functional connectivity of the human AAN is limited and largely based upon extrapolations from animal data.</p> <p>We created this AAN atlas to facilitate research into the structural and functional connectivity of the human AAN. The study of AAN "connectomics" has the potential to increase knowledge about arousal physiology in the human brain, as well as arousal pathology in neurological diseases, such as coma and other disorders of consciousness. In addition, the study of AAN connectomics may advance knowledge about reciprocal connectivity between this subcortical arousal network and cortically based awareness networks, such as the default mode network.</p> <p>In 2012, we released the Harvard AAN Atlas Version 1.0. The atlas was generated using several sources of data: 1) histologic data from a dissected <em>ex vivo</em> human brainstem/diencephalon specimen (Edlow et al. JNEN 2012; <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22592840/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22592840/</a>); 2) correlative diffusion data from the same specimen (scanned prior to serial sectioning and staining); and 3) cross-reference to the Paxinos human brainstem atlas (Paxinos G, Xu-Feng H, Sengul G, Watson C. Organization of Brainstem Nuclei, in The Human Nervous System, 3rd ed. Mai JK and Paxinos G eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011). Additional details about the development of Version 1.0 are provided at <a href="https://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/resources/aan-atlas">https://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/resources/aan-atlas</a>.</p> <p>Here, we release Version 2.0 of the atlas, which incorporates updates to AAN node neuroanatomy and nomenclature. Neuroanatomic updates are based on new immunostaining data from human brainstem specimens, which can be found at <a href="https://histopath.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu">https://histopath.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu</a>. Nomenclature updates are to ensure consistency with the Paxinos 2011 Atlas (Paxinos G, Xu-Feng H, Sengul G, Watson C. Organization of Brainstem Nuclei, in The Human Nervous System, 3rd ed. Mai JK and Paxinos G eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011).</p> <p> </p> <p>The updates in Version 2.0 are:</p> <p>1) Updates to Node Nomenclature</p> <ul> <li> <strong>mRt</strong>: cuneiform/subcuneiform nucleus (CSC) --> mesencephalic reticular formation (mRt)</li> <li> <strong>PTg</strong>: pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) --> pedunculotegmental nucleus (PTg)</li> </ul> <p>2) Updates to Node Neuroanatomy</p> <ul> <li> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>mRt</strong>: In Version 1.0, the CSC was localized to the rostral midbrain, based on Moruzzi and Magoun's seminal study in which stimulation of the rostral midbrain tegmentum led to arousal and cortical activation in lightly anesthetized cats. In Version 2.0, we renamed this node mRt and changed its anatomic boundaries such that it now extends throughout the entire rostro-caudal axis of the midbrain tegmentum, consistent with the Paxinos Atlas. Specifically, our mRt node now contains all of the following subnuclei described by Paxinos 2011: CnF, isRt, PrCnF, mRt, CeMe, and p1Rt.</p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>VTA</strong>: The VTA node in Version 2.0 has two major differences compared to the VTA ROI used in Version 1.0: 1) its lateral extent and 2) its rostral extent. In Version 1.0, we did not include the lateral wing-like extensions of the parabrachial pigmented nucleus of the VTA (PBP), as shown in Paxinos, because this subregion is difficult to differentiate from the nearby substantia nigra. However, with our new tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, and with reference to the Paxinos atlas, we were able to make this distinction between PBP and SN in Version 2.0.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">With respect to the rostral extent of the VTA node, in Version 1.0 we based the neuroanatomic borders of the VTA on hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections from human brainstem specimens, which revealed the highest density of catecholamine neurons, as demonstrated by the presence of neuromelanin, in the caudal midbrain. However, we recognize that VTA neurons have been identified in the rostral mesencephalon by other laboratories using a variety of staining techniques, such as tyrosine hydroxylase. Thus, we performed new tyrosine hydroxylase stains on midbrain sections from human brainstem specimens. These stains revealed a distribution of VTA neurons that was consistent with that described in prior studies by Oades, Halliday, Pearson, and colleagues. Therefore, we extended the VTA node in Version 2.0 such that it runs throughout the entire rostro-caudal axis of the midbrain. We do not include the rostral linear nucleus as part of the VTA, although some dopaminergic cells may reside in this region, because this nucleus is primarily serotonergic.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Finally, we edited the midline portion of the VTA node, based on the observation that VTA neurons in the midline of the midbrain were only seen at the level of the red nucleus, not at the level of the superior cerebellar peduncle. This immunostaining observation is consistent with the VTA anatomic borders in the Paxinos atlas along the rostro-caudal axis of the midbrain. Thus, we removed the midline VTA voxels at the level of the superior cerebellar peduncle in Version 2.0.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In summary, the VTA node in Version 2.0 contains the following nuclear subregions described by Paxinos: parainterfascicular nucleus (PIF); paranigral nucleus of ventral tegmental area (PN); ventral tegmental area (VTA); ventral tegmental area, rostral part (VTAR); and parabrachial pigmented nucleus of the VTA (PBP). </p> </li> <li> <strong>PTg</strong>: Deleted one voxel in the PTg at MNI axial level z53 and reassigned this voxel to the VTA, based on tyrosine hydroxylase staining data and based on the anatomic boundaries in the Paxinos atlas.</li> <li> <strong>LDTg</strong>: Whereas LDTg was not included in Version 1.0, we have added LDTg to Version 2.0.</li> </ul>
Data from: Relating pupil diameter and blinking to cortical activity and hemodynamics across arousal states
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Vocal communication is tied to interpersonal arousal coupling in caregiver-infant dyads
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Slow and fast cortical cholinergic arousal is reduced in a mouse model of focal seizures with impaired consciousness
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Arousal state transitions occlude sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling in neonatal mice
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Harvard Ascending Arousal Network Atlas – Version 2.0
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Mild-to-moderate, but not high, schizotypy relates to physiological arousal from social stress
<p>This dataset contains raw data of heart rate during speech (e.g. HR_speech_0_30), heart rate during a discussion (e.g. HR_discussion_0_30), skin conductance/galvanic skin response during speech (e.g. Speech_GSR0_30_Pra), skin conductance/galvanic skin response during a discussion (e.g. Discussion_GSR0_30_Pra), participant scores on the Oxford-Liverpool inventory of feelings and experiences (O-LIFE), schizotypal personality question (SPQ), Positive and Negative Affect scale (PANAS), and Leibowitz social anxiety scale (LSAS). The LSAS has the following sub scales: fear (e.g. LSAS_F_1) and avoidance (e.g. LSAS_Av_1).</p>
Hibernating female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) adjust huddling and drinking behaviour, but not arousal frequency, in response to low humidity
<p>Many mammals hibernate during winter, reducing energy expenditure via bouts of torpor. The majority of a hibernator's energy reserves are used to fuel brief, but costly, arousals from torpor. Although arousals likely serve multiple functions, an important one is to restore water stores depleted during torpor. Many hibernating bat species require high humidity, presumably to reduce torpid water loss, but big brown bats (<em>Eptesicus fuscus</em>) appear tolerant of a wide humidity range. We tested the hypothesis that hibernating female <em>E. fuscus </em>use behavioural flexibility during torpor and arousals to maintain water balance and reduce energy expenditure. We predicted: (1) <em>E. fuscus </em>hibernating in dry conditions would exhibit more compact huddles during torpor and drink more frequently than bats in high humidity conditions; and (2) frequency and duration of torpor bouts and arousals, and thus, total loss of body mass would not differ between bats in both environments. We housed hibernating <em>E. fuscus</em> in temperature- and humidity-controlled incubators at 50% or 98% relative humidity (8°C, 110 days). Bats in the dry environment maintained a more compact huddle during torpor and drank more frequently during arousals. Bats in both environments<em> </em>had a similar number of arousals, but arousal duration was shorter in the dry environment. However, total loss of body mass over hibernation did not differ between treatments indicating that both groups used similar amounts of energy. Our results suggest that behavioural flexibility allows hibernating <em>E. fuscus</em> to maintain water balance and reduce energy costs across a wide range of hibernation humidities.</p>
Data from: Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus
<p>Neocortical sensory areas have associated primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While primary nuclei transmit sensory information to cortex, secondary nuclei remain poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) nuclei of awake mice while tracking whisking and pupil size. POm activity correlated with whisking, but not precise whisker kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after facial paralysis and thus was not due to sensory reafference. This phenomenon also continued during optogenetic silencing of somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, ruling out a motor efference copy mechanism. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, possibly reflecting arousal. Indeed LP, which is not part of the whisker system, tracked whisking equally well, further indicating that POm activity does not encode whisker movement <em>per se.</em> The semblance of movement-related activity is likely instead a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus monitors behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.</p>
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