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Fig. 3 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 3. Dorsolateral views of three whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis). Upper, diploid unisexual A. dixoni C from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148360, body length 96 mm). Middle, triploid female hybrid of A. dixoni C X A. tigris punctilinealis from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148141, body length 93 mm). Lower, diploid bisexual A. t. punctilinealis male from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148113, body length 90 mm).

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FIGURE 1. Scatterplots from multivariate statistical analyses. Ellipses define the 95 in Morphological Variation in a Unisexual Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis exsanguis) and One of Its Bisexual Parental Species (Aspidoscelis inornata) (Reptilia: Squamata: Teiidae): Is the Clonal Species Less Variable?

FIGURE 1. Scatterplots from multivariate statistical analyses. Ellipses define the 95% confidence limits of score distributions. A. Principal component scores of 14 field A. exsanguis, 42 laboratory A. exsanguis of two lineages pooled, and 19 field A. inornata. Axis percentages reflect variance explained by PC1 and PC2 (table 5). B. Canonical variate scores of the same specimens as in A. Axis percentages are relative contributions of CV1 and CV2 to the discrimination (table 5).

FIGURE 5 in Comparative Meristic Variability in Whiptail Lizards (Teiidae, Aspidoscelis): Samples of Parthenogenetic A. tesselata Versus Samples of Sexually Reproducing A. sexlineata, A. marmorata, and A. gularis septemvittata

FIGURE 5. Pattern of meristic variation between parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis tesselata E (○) and gonochoristic A. marmorata (□) depicted by the projection of principal component scores on PC1 and PC2 axes: A. Arroyo del Macho, Chaves County, New Mexico (N = 38 and N = 29, respectively); B. vicinity of Engle, Sierra County, New Mexico (N = 30 and N = 33, respectively). Percentages represent the proportion of meristic variation summarized by each principal component, and ellipses define the 95% confidence limits for score distributions.

FIGURE 3 in Comparative Meristic Variability in Whiptail Lizards (Teiidae, Aspidoscelis): Samples of Parthenogenetic A. tesselata Versus Samples of Sexually Reproducing A. sexlineata, A. marmorata, and A. gularis septemvittata

FIGURE 3. Pattern of meristic variation between parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis tesselata C (○) and gonochoristic A. sexlineata (◊): A. southeastern Colorado (N = 31 for each sample); B. Conchas Lake, New Mexico (N = 30 and N = 31, respectively). Percentages represent the proportion of meristic variation summarized by each principal component, and ellipses define the 95% confidence limits for score distributions.

FIGURE 2 in Comparative Meristic Variability in Whiptail Lizards (Teiidae, Aspidoscelis): Samples of Parthenogenetic A. tesselata Versus Samples of Sexually Reproducing A. sexlineata, A. marmorata, and A. gularis septemvittata

FIGURE 2. Representative specimens used in this study. Southeastern Colorado: A. Aspidoscelis tesselata C (RU 0198; 93 mm SVL); B. A. sexlineata (RU 0334; ♂, 71 mm SVL). Conchas Lake, New Mexico: C. A. tesselata C (RU 0003; 86 mm SVL); D. A. sexlineata (GM 236 [UADZ 7405]; ♀, 61 mm SVL).

FIGURE 4 in Comparative Meristic Variability in Whiptail Lizards (Teiidae, Aspidoscelis): Samples of Parthenogenetic A. tesselata Versus Samples of Sexually Reproducing A. sexlineata, A. marmorata, and A. gularis septemvittata

FIGURE 4. Representative specimens used in this study. Engle, New Mexico: A. Aspidoscelis tesselata E (RU 9546; 87 mm SVL); B. A. marmorata (RU 9262; ♀, 84 mm SVL). Arroyo del Macho, New Mexico: C. A. tesselata E (RU 0228; 84 mm SVL); D. A. marmorata (RU 0390; ♀, 79 mm SVL). Presidio County, Texas: E. A. gularis septemvittata (UADZ 8115; ♂, 90 mm SVL).

FIGURE 9 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 9. Testis, adrenal gland, mesonephros, and vas deferens of A. t. marmorata, the father of the hybrids. A. Testis, adrenal gland, mesonephros, and vas deferens (AMNH R-153156, slide 8, row 1, section 2). B. Seminiferous tubule (AMNH R-153156, slide 8, row 1, section 2). C. Vas deferens containing mature spermatozoa (AMNH R-153156, slide 9, row 1, section 6). D. Vas deferens with mature spermatozoa (AMNH R-153156, slide 6, row 1, section 2, Mallory Triple, Pantin method). Scale bar: 0.1 mm except for A, 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 5. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of three laboratory hybrids, 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the hybrids), and 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids). All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. Note that the three hybrids are intermediate to their individual parents on PC1.

FIGURE 12 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 12. The large tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. An entire section (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3; scale bar: 1 mm). Rectangles identify enlarged views in B–E. B. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). C and D. Adrenal gland and transition to adjacent ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). E. Ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). Scale bars for B–E: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 1. Karyotype of laboratory hybrid of A. i. arizonae (♀) × A. t. marmorata (♂), AMNH R-153158, adult-sized intersex individual that superficially resembled a female. Upper row represents the haploid complement of A. t. marmorata (with 3 large Set I metacentric and submetacentric macrochromosomes including the X + 8 biarmed Set II macrochromosomes + 12 Set III microchromosomes). Lower row represents the haploid complement of A. i. arizonae (with 1 Set I macrochromosome including its characteristic NOR and satellite [arrow] + 12 subtelocentric Set II macrochromosomes + 10 Set III microchromosomes). Line represents 10 microns.

FIGURE 6 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 6. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of three hybrids, 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of the unisexual A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. Note that the three hybrids are intermediate to their individual parents and that A. neomexicana most closely resembles its maternal progenitor species, A. t. marmorata on PC1.

FIGURE 11 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 11. The small tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). B. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 3, row 1, section 10). C. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 5, row 1, section 6). D. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 8. Gross morphology of the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158) of A. i. arizonae × A. t. marmorata. A. Ventral view of the viscera through the opened body wall; the organs have not been disturbed. The arrows indicate a boundary between the left adrenal gland and the left ovary. B. The left kidney and dorsal body wall visible with the adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the right. C. Adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the left. D. Remaining viscera after removal of the adrenal/ovary mass and a suspected testis. Scale bars: 5 mm. Abbreviations in figures 8–17 are explained in Materials and Methods.

FIGURE 13 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 13. The large tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. An entire section (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1; scale bar: 1 mm). Rectangles identify enlarged views in B–I. B–C. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). D–E. Adrenal gland and ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). F–I. Ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). H. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2 showing an atretic follicle in the ovary. I. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2, showing yolk granules. Scale bars for B–I: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 7. Pattern of morphological distinctiveness expressed by the distribution of canonical variate scores derived from a canonical variate analysis of seven meristic characters of three a priori groups: 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the laboratory hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. The three laboratory hybrids were included in the CVA as unassigned, for classification to the a priori group that each most closely resembled. Note the position of the hybrid group intermediate to A. i. arizonae, A. t. marmorata, and A. neomexicana clusters. This suggested that the hybrid group itself is distinctive, which was verified by a followup CVA (not illustrated, but see text).

Fig. 14 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 14. Additive tree (phenogram), based on Mahalanobis D2 distances (table 13), depicting meristic resemblance among nine groups of Aspidoscelis tesselata. Distances (similarities) between groups are computed by adding lengths of nodes between groups of interest. Terminal nodes represent the nine groups, and internal nodes represent horizontal distances between clusters. As an interpretation example, the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Conchas 1CE is 7.2 + 3.2 + 2.2 + 2.8 + 5.6 = 21.0, while the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Macho EC is 7.2 + 1.0 + 1.9 + 3.1 = 13.2.

Fig. 3 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 3. Electrophoretic phenotypes of sACOH, a monomeric enzyme, from liver homogenates of nine specimens of A. tesselata of pattern class CE from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel. Anode is to the right.

Fig. 11 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 11. Pattern of multivariate morphological variation among Aspidoscelis tesselata of pattern classes C (N = 44), E (N = 32), and New Mexico D (N = 5) from the vicinity of Sumner Lake State Park, De Baca County, New Mexico. Canonical variate scores were derived from a canonical variate analysis using meristic characters identified in table 10.

Fig. 2 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 2. Electrophoretic phenotypes of GPI, a dimeric enzyme, from erythrocyte hemolysates of six specimens of Aspidoscelis. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Note the very slight difference in migration between the products of the ballele versus callele. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel as follows: TESC, A. tesselata of pattern class CE from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico; and TESE, A. tesselata of pattern class E from Sandoval County, New Mexico. Anode is to the right.

Fig. 1 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 1. Geographic relationships among four northern collecting localities of Aspidoscelis tesselata of color pattern classes C, New Mexico D, and E and convenience classes CE and EC. Color patterns found at the four sites are (1) Conchas Lake State Park: CE and New Mexico D; (2) Sumner Lake State Park: C, New Mexico D, and E; (3) Puerto de Luna: E; and (4) Arroyo del Macho: EC.