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3 results for “Austrobalanidae”
FIGURE 1 in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the Elminiinae and early Tetraclitoidea. The earliest record of the Elminiinae is the four plated Protelminius pomahakensis from the Rupelian (early Oligocene) of New Zealand. Assuming a six-plated ancestor to this taxon, parsimony requires a Hexaminius-type first occurring in eastern Australia during the Eocene, from which the four-plated form evolved and dispersed across a proto-Tasman Sea to New Zealand. If Hexaminius had occurred in New Zealand, it would not be unreasonable to expect it in the present warmer northern waters. It was most likely during the Oligocene to early Miocene that Elminius dispersed to South America (shaded arrow); with colonization of the Falkland Islands and the eastern seaboard of South America being facilitated by the opening of the Drake Passage, which had occurred by that time (Scher and Morris, 2006). The dotted line shows the very recent distribution path for Austrominius modestus from Australasia to Europe; although there is a report of single specimen of A. modestus from South African waters – a 1949 record in Sandison (1950), there have been no further records from Africa since then, and we can only assume that it has failed to colonise in the area. Uncertainty about the high Austrominius diversity in a restricted region in South Australia necessitates that these taxa be grouped. A further arrow (dotted and shaded), extending from the Antarctic to what would have been the proto-Tasman Sea, delineates a possible westward dispersal route for the tetraclitoid genus Austrobalanus; which has the earliest records from the Bartonian (middle Eocene) of the Antarctic Peninsula (Buckeridge, 2000). Oceanic patterns at and immediately prior to that time (see Nelson and Cooke, 2001) provided an opportunity for Austrobalanus to have dispersed to southern New Zealand (where it is first recorded from the Rupelian (Oligocene). Extinct genera marked †.
FIGURE 4. Palaeogeographic Setting for the early Austrobalanidae. 4a in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 4. Palaeogeographic Setting for the early Austrobalanidae. 4a: Sketch depicting the oceanic systems that are likely to have operated in the south Pacific region during the late Palaeocene-early Eocene. At this time, the Antarctic continent was kept essentially ice-free by a large south Pacific warm-water gyre; counter-currents operating off Antarctic provided an opportunity for westward dispersal of Austrobalanus (to the McMurdo region and the proto-New Zealand land mass "NZ"). The dashed line represents a likely mobile transitional zone between marine regression and transgression. 4b: Southern ocean conditions during the Oligocene to early Miocene, after the initiation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. With the loss of the southern pacific warm-water gyre, glaciation of the Antarctic continent began (e.g. Kennett, 1977), with the resultant regional extinction of austrobalanid barnacles. The heavier dotted blue line represents the likely position of the cold and temperate water systems convergence. (Reconstruction adapted from Markwick et al., 1999; Barron and Peterson, 1991; Nelson and Cooke, 2001).
FIGURE 3 in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 3. Sessilia divergence time chronogram. Nodes determined on the basis of the fossil record (figures in nonitalics in MYBP) and molecular and morphological data (figures in italics; after Pérez-Losada et al., 2007). The lack of fossil evidence for sessilian barnacles prior to the Cretaceous boundary is compelling, especially as there is a very diverse and widespread record of Cretaceous scalpelliformes (Newman and Ross, 1976; Buckeridge, 1996). We adopt a parsimonious approach to this, concluding that the Sessilia evolved very quickly during the period following the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, such that all major balanomorph taxa had appeared between the early Palaeocene and the late Eocene. This is a much tighter timeframe than envisaged by Pérez-Losada et al., 2008.
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