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Fig. 5 in Polyketide-derived macrobrevins from marine macroalga-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as promising antibacterial agents against pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Fig. 5. (A) Molecular docking interfaces of 41-hydroxy-macrobrevin-31-acetate (compound 3) with S. aureus peptide deformylase (SaPDF). 3D docking analysis of the titled macrobrevin analogue (ligand) and S. aureus PDF crystal structure (PDB ID: 1LQW) were conformationally structured (Swiss-Pdb Viewer, SPDBV, version 4.1.0). The primary algorithm used by AutoDock for conformational searching was the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA) showing four hydrogen bonds each (displayed as red and bluecoloured lines) in the binding site, whereas USCF Chimera (University of California, San Francisco, ver. 1.11.2) software reinforced the visualizations of the best molecular docking positions of the compound and target protein. The contact residues were shown and labeled by type and number in the background. Compound 3 exhibited least binding energy among the titled compounds. (B) Illustrative representation of 41-hydroxy-macrobrevin-31-acetate (compound 3) forming hydrogen bond interactions with the amino acyl residues in the active site of SaPDF. Compound (3) displayed maximum number of hydrogen bond interactions (GLN141 at 3.118 Å, LYS84 at 3.789 Å and 3.388 Å, and ARG143 at 3.483 Å). (C) Drug-likeness score obtained for the compound (3) with molsoft software. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Polyketide-derived macrobrevins from marine macroalga-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as promising antibacterial agents against pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Fig. 4. Proposed biosynthesis of 21- membered macrocyclic lactones classified as macrobrevin analogues (1–4) in B. amyloliquefaciens through successive decarboxylative Claisen condensation between acetyl-S-KS domain and malonate-SACP units. Claisen condensation was activated by acyl carrier protein (ACP), ketoreductase (KR), ketosynthase (KS), thioesterase (TE), dehydratase (DH), methyl transferase (MT), acyl transferase (AT), enoyl reductase (ER) and S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM). The elongation process comprised of 16 modules with KS, KR and ACP domains. The initial step includes the decarboxylative Claisen condensation between 2-methylbutanethioic-S-KS and malonate-S-ACP. The final step of macrobrevin formation could occur through the cyclization of linear chain of 21-membered carbon framework by TE. Consequently, alterations of 21-membered carbon framework classified as macrobrevin scaffold could result in the formation of macrobrevin analogues 1–4.

Fig. 3 in Polyketide-derived macrobrevins from marine macroalga-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as promising antibacterial agents against pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Fig. 3. (A) Biosynthetic gene cluster coding for biosynthesis of macrobrevin analogues in B. amyloliquefaciens showing 46% similarity with macrobrevin biosynthetic gene cluster BGC0001470 (as elucidated by Known-Cluster-Blast prediction, the gene cluster also had 32% similarity with aurantinine and bacillaene with 100% similarity), (B) organization of genes in macrobrevin biosynthetic gene cluster of Brevibacillus sp. (C) Domain organization of the modules of trans-AT PKS gene cluster coding for bacillaene, which is 46% similar to macrobrevin biosynthetic gene cluster is shown. (D) The proposed functions of genes (1–16) contained in the biosynthetic gene cluster has been listed out, and are described as: (1) Biosynthetic additional (smcogs) SMCOG1170: metallo-β-lactamase family protein (score: 203; E-value: 5.4e-62); (2) biosynthetic trans-AT-PKS:PKS_AT biosynthetic additional SMCOG1021: malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (score: 400.8; E-value: 1.8e-121); (3) biosynthetic trans AT-PKS:PKS_AT biosynthetic additional SMCOG1021: malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (score: 232.8; E-value: 1.5e-70); (4) biosynthetic trans-AT-PKS:PKS_AT biosynthetic additional SMCOG1021:malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (score: 481.1; E-value: 9e-146); (5) biosynthetic additional PP-binding; (6) biosynthetic T3PKS:Chal_sti_synt_N biosynthetic additional SMCOG1043:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (score: 496.9; E-value: 6.5e-151); (7) biosynthetic additional SMCOG1023: enoyl-CoA hydratase (score: 228.4; E-value: 1.3e-69); (8) biosynthetic trans-AT-PKS:PP-binding biosynthetic trans-AT-PKS:tra_KS-biosynthetic trans AT-PKS:ATd-biosynthetic NRPS:AMP-binding biosynthetic-NRPS: condensation biosynthetic additional adh_short biosynthetic additional SMCOG1127: condensation domain-containing protein (score: 295.3; E-value: 1.6e-89); (9) biosynthetic additional-tra_KS biosyntheticadditional SMCOG1022: β-ketoacyl synthase (score: 160.9; E-value: 8.3e-49); (10) biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:PP-binding-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:tra_KS-biosynthetic-trans-AT-KS:ATd-biosynthetic-additional-adh_short-biosynthetic-additional-SMCOG1001:short-chain-dehydrogenase/reductase SDR (score: 48.7; E-value: 1.2e-14); (11) biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:PP-binding-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:tra_KS-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:ATd-biosynthetic-additional-adh_short-biosynthetic-additional SMCOG1093: β-ketoacyl synthase (score: 73.2; E-value: 2.8e-22); (12) biosynthetic trans AT-PKS: PP-binding-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:tra_KSbiosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:ATd-biosynthetic-additional-adh biosynthetic-additional SMCOG1022: β-ketoacyl synthase (score: 222.6; E-value: 1.5e-67); (13) biosynthetic-additional-condensation biosynthetic-additional SMCOG1127:condensation domain-containing protein (score: 196.8; E-value: 1.3e-59); (14) biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:PP-binding-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:tra_KS-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS:ATd-biosynthetic-NRPS-like:AMP-binding-biosynthetic-NRPS-like:PPbinding-biosynthetic-additional adh_short-biosynthetic-additional SMCOG1002: AMP-dependent synthetase and ligase (score: 373.7; E-value: 1.9e-113); (15) biosynthetic-additional-PP-binding-biosynthetic-additional-tra_KS-biosynthetic-additional MCOG1022: β-ketoacyl (score: 73.2; E-value: 2.8e-22); (16) biosynthetictrans-AT-PKS-like:tra_KS-biosynthetic-trans-AT-PKS-like:ATd-biosynthetic-additional-PP-binding-biosynthetic-additional SMCOG1022: β-ketoacyl synthase (score: 207.7; E-value: 5.1e-63).

Fig. 1 in Polyketide-derived macrobrevins from marine macroalga-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as promising antibacterial agents against pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Fig. 1. Structural representation of (A) trihydroxy-decahydro-37-methyl-macrobrevin (compound 1), (B) hexahydro-macrobrevin (compound 2), (C) hexahydro-41- hydroxy-macrobrevin-31-acetate (compound 3), and (D) hexahydro-28-nor-methyl-5-methoxy-macrobrevin (compound 4) isolated from marine macroalgaassociated B. amyloliquefaciens MTCC 12713. (E) The zone of inhibition (34 mm) observed with hexahydro-41-hydroxy-macrobrevin-31-acetate (compound 3) against VREfs as visualized on Mueller Hinton agar plates by disc diffusion assay was illustrated. The amounts of compound 3 and chloramphenicol were 30 μg per disc. Chloramphenicol and ethyl acetate, which were used as the positive and negative control, were denoted with (+) and (), respectively.

Fig. 2. 1H–1H in Polyketide-derived macrobrevins from marine macroalga-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as promising antibacterial agents against pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Fig. 2. 1H–1H COSY/HMBC (A-D) correlations of macrobrevin analogues (1–4). Key 1H–1H COSY correlations and HMBC pairings were characterized by bold-faced bonds and double-barbed arrows, respectively.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Transcriptome analysis of ionic-liquid tolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CMW1 and identification of a novel efflux pump

<p>Bacteria that exhibit ionic-liquid (IL) tolerance are useful in chemical industries using renewable carbon sources pretreated by ILs to produce biofuels and fine chemicals. Although an IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), has a remarkable ability to solubilize wood components, [BMIM]Cl inhibits the growth of various bacterial hosts useful for bioconversion. We previously isolated a 10% [BMIM]Cl-tolerant bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CMW1. Here we report novel mechanisms of tolerance to [BMIM]Cl in strain CMW1 and a novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter coded by an ionic-liquid tolerance (ILT) gene. First, using CMW1 cells grown in the presence or absence of 10% [BMIM]Cl, whole-transcriptome analysis and differentially expressed gene analysis were performed. Probable mechanisms of tolerance to [BMIM]Cl include uptake of osmoprotectants from the culture medium toward CMW1 cells and the export of [BMIM] cations that accumulated in CMW1 cells. The finding represents a first step in elucidation of the mechanisms of IL resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. Second, we conferred tolerance to 5% [BMIM]Cl on [BMIM]Cl-susceptible Brevibacillus choshinensis using ILT gene. This finding provides a notable basis for engineering IL-tolerant bacterial hosts that are applicable for the effective and sustainable production of industrially important chemicals.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: The optimization of fermentation conditions for producing cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its application to goose feed

The proper culture conditions for producing cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S1, isolated from the cecum of goose was optimized by single-factor experiment combined with orthogonal test. The properties of the cellulase were investigated by DNS method. The appropriate doses of B. amyloliquefaciens S1 were obtained by adding them to goose feed. It indicated that the suitable culture conditions of producing cellulase were the culture temperature of 37°C, the initial pH of 7.0, the incubation time of 72 h and the loaded liquid volume of 75 ml per 250 ml. The effects of each factor on producing cellulase by B. amyloliquefaciens S1 were as follows: initial pH > incubation time = culture temperature > loaded liquid volume. The optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50°C and 7.0, respectively. This enzyme is a kind of neutral cellulase that possesses resistance to heat and acidity. It showed high activity to absorbent cotton, soya bean meal and filter paper. By adding different doses of B. amyloliquefaciens S1 to the goose feed, it was found that the egg production, average egg weight, fertilization rate and the hatching rate were promoted both in experiment 1 (1.5 g kg−1) and experiment 2 (3 g kg−1). Also the difference of egg production, fertilization rate and hatching rate between experiment 1 and control group was obvious (p < 0.05), and the average egg weight was significantly increased in experiment 2 (p < 0.05).

publicSep 2017View details →

Data from: The optimization of fermentation conditions for producing cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its application to goose feed

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