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12 results for “Bacterial endosymbionts”
One to host them all: genomics of the diverse bacterial endosymbionts of the spider Oedothorax gibbosus
<p>Bacterial endosymbionts of the groups <em>Wolbachia</em>, <em>Cardinium </em>and <em>Rickettsiaceae </em>are well-known for their diverse effects on their arthropod hosts, ranging from mutualistic relationships to reproductive phenotypes. Here, we analyzed a unique system in which the dwarf spider <em>Oedothorax gibbosus</em> is co-infected with up to five different endosymbionts affiliated with <em>Wolbachia</em>, ‘<em>Candidatus </em>Tisiphia’ (formerly Torix group <em>Rickettsia</em>), <em>Cardinium, </em>and <em>Rhabdochlamydia</em>. Using short-read genome sequencing data, we show that the endosymbionts are heterogeneously distributed among <em>O. gibbosus</em> populations and are frequently found co-infecting spider individuals. To study this intricate host-endosymbiont system on a genome resolved level, we used long-read sequencing to reconstruct closed genomes of the <em>Wolbachia</em>, ‘<em>Ca. </em>Tisiphia’ and <em>Cardinium </em>endosymbionts. We provide insights in the ecology and evolution of the endosymbionts and shed light on the interactions with their spider host. We detected high quantities of transposable elements in all endosymbiont genomes and provide evidence that ancestors of the <em>Cardinium</em>, ‘<em>Ca. </em>Tisiphia’ and <em>Wolbachia </em>endosymbionts have co-infected the same hosts in the past. Our findings contribute to broadening our knowledge about endosymbionts infecting one of the largest animal phyla on earth, and show the usefulness of transposable elements as an evolutionary “contact-tracing” tool.</p>
Data from: Origin, acquisition and diversification of heritable bacterial endosymbionts in louse flies and bat flies
The γ-proteobacterium Arsenophonus and its close relatives (Arsenophonus and like organisms, ALOs) are emerging as a novel clade of endosymbionts, which are exceptionally widespread in insects. The biology of ALOs is, however, in most cases entirely unknown, and it is unclear how these endosymbionts spread across insect populations. Here, we investigate this aspect through the examination of the presence, the diversity and the evolutionary history of ALOs in 25 related species of blood-feeding flies: tsetse flies (Glossinidae), louse flies (Hippoboscidae) and bat flies (Nycteribiidae and Streblidae). While these endosymbionts were not found in tsetse flies, we identify louse flies and bat flies as harbouring the highest diversity of ALO strains reported to date, including a novel ALO clade, as well as Arsenophonus and the recently described Candidatus Aschnera chinzeii clade. We further show that the origin of ALO endosymbiosies extends deep into the evolutionary past of louse flies and bat flies, and that it likely played a major role in the ecological specialization of their hosts. The evolutionary history of ALOs is notably complex and was shaped by both vertical transmission and horizontal transfers with frequent host turnover and apparent symbiont replacement in host lineages. In particular, ALOs have evolved repeatedly and independently close relationships with diverse groups of louse flies and bat flies, as well as phylogenetically more distant insect families, suggesting that ALO endosymbioses are exceptionally dynamic systems.
Data from: Estimating costs of aphid resistance to parasitoids conferred by a protective strain of the bacterial endosymbiont Regiella insecticola
Heritable bacterial endosymbionts are common in aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and they can influence ecologically important traits of their hosts. It is generally assumed that their persistence in a population is dependent on a balance between the costs and benefits they confer. A good example is Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al., a facultative symbiont that provides a benefit by strongly increasing aphid resistance to parasitoid wasps, but becomes costly to the host in the absence of parasitoids. Regiella insecticola Moran et al. is another common symbiont of aphids and generally does not influence resistance to parasitoids. In the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), however, one strain (R5.15) was discovered that behaves like H. defensa in that it provides strong protection against parasitoid wasps. Here we compare R5.15-infected and uninfected lines of three M. persicae clones to test whether this protective symbiont is costly as well, i.e., whether it has any negative effects on aphid life-history traits. Furthermore, we transferred R5.15 to two other aphid species, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, where this strain is also protective against parasitoids and where we could compare its effects with those of additional, non-protective strains of R. insecticola. Negative effects of R5.15 on host survival and lifetime reproduction were limited and frequently non-significant, and these effects were comparable or in one case weaker than those of R. insecticola strains that are not protective against parasitoid wasps. Unless the benefit of protection is counteracted by detrimental effects on traits that were not considered in this study, R. insecticola strain R5.15 should have a high potential to spread in aphid populations.
Data from: Bacterial endosymbiont infections in ‘living fossils’: a case study of North American vaejovid scorpions
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Data from: Origin, acquisition and diversification of heritable bacterial endosymbionts in louse flies and bat flies
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Data from: Estimating costs of aphid resistance to parasitoids conferred by a protective strain of the bacterial endosymbiont Regiella insecticola
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Data from: Facultative bacterial endosymbionts shape parasitoid food webs in natural host populations: a correlative analysis
1.Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can protect their aphid hosts from natural enemies such as hymenopteran parasitoids. As such, they have the capability to modulate interactions between aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. However, the magnitude of these effects in natural aphid populations and their associated parasitoid communities is currently unknown. Moreover, environmental factors such as plant fertilization and landscape complexity are known to affect aphid‐parasitoid interactions but it remains unclear how such environmental factors affect the interplay between aphids, parasitoids and endosymbionts. 2.Here, we tested whether facultative endosymbionts confer protection to parasitoids in natural populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, and if this is affected by plant fertilization and landscape complexity. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects of facultative endosymbionts can cascade up to the hyperparasitoid level and increase primary‐hyperparasitoid food web specialization. 3.Living aphids and mummies were collected in fertilized and unfertilized plots within 13 wheat fields in Central Germany. We assessed the occurrence of primary parasitoid, hyperparasitoid and endosymbiont species in aphids and mummies using a newly established molecular approach. 4.Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were high across fields (~80 %), independent of whether aphids were parasitized or un‐parasitized. Aphid mummies exhibited a significantly lower share of facultative endosymbiont infection (~38 %). These findings suggest that facultative endosymbionts do not affect parasitoid oviposition behavior, but decrease parasitoid survival in the host. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were lower in mummies collected from fertilized compared to unfertilized plants, indicating that plant fertilization boosts the facultative endosymbiont protective effect. Furthermore, we found strong evidence for species‐specific and negative cascading effects of facultative endosymbionts on primary and hyperparasitoids, respectively. Facultative endosymbionts impacted parasitoid assemblages and increased the specialization of primary‐hyperparasitoid food webs: these effects were independent from and much stronger than other environmental factors. 5.The current findings stongly suggest that facultative endosymbionts act as a driving force in aphid‐parasitoid‐hyperparastioid networks: they shape insect community composition at different trophic levels and modulate, directly and indirectly, the interactions between aphids, parasitoids and their environment.
Data from: Facultative bacterial endosymbionts shape parasitoid food webs in natural host populations: a correlative analysis
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Bacterial endosymbionts control host sexuality and reveal reproductive genes of early divergent fungi
GEO Series GSE57644. Rhizopus microsporus. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The cockroach Blattella germanica obtains nitrogen from uric acid through a metabolic pathway shared with its bacterial endosymbiont
GEO Series GSE63921. Blattella germanica. 3 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Facultatively intra-bacterial localization of a planthopper endosymbiont as an adaptation to its vertical transmission
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In Vitro Culture of the Insect Endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii Highlights Bacterial Genes Involved in Host-Symbiont Interaction
GEO Series GSE112290. Spiroplasma poulsonii. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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