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Figure 17 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 17. Distribution of some xeromontane Noctuidae species at the Balkan Peninsula. Legend:♦ Rhyacia helvetina schepleri;□ Dichagyris celsicola goateri;● Chersotis capnistis schnacki;ORhyacia psammia stavroitiacus.

Figure 14 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 14. Distribution ofErebia ottomana in Europa and on the Balkan peninsula. Legend: o – E. ottomana ottomana (Ulu dagh), b – E. ottomana balcanica, bu – E. ottomana bureschi, d – E. ottomana drenovskii, be – E. ottomana benacensis, t – E. ottomana tardenota.

Figure 12 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 12. Distribution of arcticalpine species in the Carpathians and on the Balkan peninsula. Legend: ◊ Zygaena exulans, O Erebia pandrose, ♦ Glacies coracina, □ Grammia quenselii, ● Anarta melanopa rupestralis, O Agrotis fatidica.

Figure 15 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 15. Distribution ofErebia rhodopensis and related species. Legend: rh – E. rhodopensis, ae – E. aethiopella, g – E. gorgone.

Figure 9 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 9. Distribution of Boloria pales on the Balkan peninsula and in the Carpathians. The western Balkanic populations are connected with the Eastern Alpine nominotypic subspecies. The Southern Carpathian populations (B. pales carpathomeridionalis) are related to the Eastern BalkanicB. pales rilaensis.

Figure 11 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 11. Distribution of Euphydryas cynthia in Europe. c – Euphydryas cynthia cynthia; a – Euphydryas cynthia alpicola; l – Euphydryas cynthia leonhardi; d – Euphydryas cynthia drenovskyi. The population of the Rila Mts shows some parallel characters (e.g. reddish submarginal spots in males, less dichrous females) with the nominotypic subspecies. The population of the Pirin Mts is characterised by whitish submarginal spots in males and more dichrous colouration in females, as in the subspeciesE. cynthia alpicola.

Figure 10 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 10. Distribution ofErebia manto(black circles) undE. cassioides(open circles) in the high mountain systems of southeastern Europe. E. manto is widely distributed in the Carpathians, partly as the nominotypic subspecies (NNE Carpathians), partly as E. manto trajanus (E and S Carpathians). It occurs as E. manto osmana only in some high mountains of Bosnia. E cassioides occurs in the western Balkan Peninsula as E. cassioides illyrica (Crna Gora) and illyromacedonica (FYR Makedonia and Greek Macedonia), and as E. cassioides kinoshitai (Stara Planina) and E. cassioides macedonica(Rila, Pirin) in the eastern high mountains of the peninsula.

Figure 8 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 8. Allo and parapatric distribution of Erebia tyndarus group in Europa. The Balkanic populations (Durmitor, Maglić, Volujak:R. cassioides illyrica; Šar planina, Korab: E.cassioides illyromacedonica; Stara Planina:E. cassioides kinoshitai; Rila, Pirin: E. cassioides macedonica) are allied to the Southern Carpathian E. cassioides neleus. Further abbreviations:c E. cassioides cassioides,caE. calcaria,a E. arvernensis,niE. nivalis,hE. hispania.

Figure 13 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 13. Distribution ofBoloria graeca. Legend: Balcan peninsula southern part:B. graeca graeca; Balcan peninsula NW and E part:B. graeca balcanica; SW Alps:B. graeca tendensis.B. graeca graecaandB. graeca balcanicaare only slightly differentiated (probably as a geographical cline!).

Figure 4 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 4. Distribution of Erebia melas on the Balkan peninsula and in the Carpathians. Legend: 1 – Erebia melas leonhardi; 2–3 – E. melas acoris(2) andE. melas nanos(3); 4 – E. melasof the Rtanj Planina (probably extinct); 5 – E. melas melas; 6 – E. melas koenigiella(instable altitudinal form ofE. m. melas); 7–9 – E. melas carpathicola(7, 8) and E. melas runcensis (9). Legend of the inlayed map: white sector – reddish coloration, black sector – black wing coloration; left side of the circle: male upper and underside, right side of the circle: female upper and underside (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological State Collection Munich and coll. Varga, Debrecen).

Figure 7 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 7. Vertical distribution of the alpine and Balkanic oreal species in the Pirin Mts. Legend: Horizontal lines 1 – upper limit of grassy vegetation (Vihren, 2915 m), 2 upper limit of Pinus montana (isolated scrubs) ~ 2600 m, 3 – upper limit of Pinus montana/Juniperus nana zone ~ 2400 m, 4 – lower limit of ArcticAlpine cusheon plants and dwarf scrubs ~ 2300 m, 5 – upper limit ofPinus heldreichii stands. Vertical lines: 1 – Boloria graeca, 2 – Erebia melas, 3 – E. ottomana, 4 – E. orientalis, 5 – E. rhodopensis, 6 – Boloria pales, 7 – Euphydryas cynthia, 8 – Erebia cassioides, 9 – E. gorge, 10 – Glacies coracina.

Figure 5 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 5. Vertical distribution of the Boloria pales group in European high mountains. The niche overlap is between the synpatric species is mostly insignificant.

Figure 6 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 6. Vertical distribution of the species of the Erebia pluto group + E. melas in European high mountains. The niche overlap is between the synpatric species is mostly insignificant.

Figure 3 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 3. Distribution of Erebia gorge on the Balkan peninsula and in the Carpathians. The populations of the southeastern Alps and western Balcanic mountains are closely related, the populations of the Carpathians and the Bulgarian high mountains belong to an other group. Legend: western subspecies: G – Erebia gorge gorge; V – E. gorge vagana; H – E. gorge hercegovinensis(Dinaric Mts); A – E. gorge albanica; (the latter with reduction of apical ocelli); eastern subspecies: R – E. gorge rudkwskyi; FKE. gorge fridericikoenigi; P – E. gorge pirinica(in Rila Mts often in f. triopes).

Figure 2 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 2. Distribution of Erebia epiphron and Erebia orientalis in the Carpathians and on the Balkan peninsula. Legend: 1 – Erebia epiphron aetherius: the widely distributed eastern Alpine – western Balkanic subspecies group (in Pelister: E. epiphron roosi, (1a)); 2 – Erebia epiphron transsylvanica; or – Erebia orientalis, different subspeces in Stara Planina, Rila and Pirin.

Figure 1 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 1. Southern boundary of arcticalpine and alpine species on the Balkan peninsula and the Adamović line. The high mountain systems of southeastern Europe, their number of arcticalpine marcoLepidoptera species (numbers in circles) and the occurrence of xeromontane species (triangles). The Adamović line is marked with "A". The southern boundary of true alpine and arcticalpine species is marked with broken line. Legend: EC – Eastern Central Alps; JA – Julian Alps; HT – High Tatra & Belanské Tatry; R – Rodna Alps; BC – Bucegi and Piatra Craiului; Rt – Retezat Mts; Tr, Pr, Cv, V –Trebević, Prenj, Cvrstnica, Vranica planina; D – Durmitor & Maglić; NA – N Albanian Alps; S – Šar Planina; Jb – Jablanica; Ko – Korab; R – Rila Mts; P – Pirin Mts; Ro – Rodopi Mts; AB – Ali Botus–Orvilos; F – Falakron; B – Baba Planina (Pelister); G – Galičica Planina; T – Tomor; Gr Grammos; O – Olympos; Sm – Smolika; Ty – Trychonis; Parnassos; Ch – Chelmos; E – Erymanthos; K – Korynthos; T – Taygetos; Pn – Parnon.

Figs 13–24 in Three new Lethrus species close to L. raymondi (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from the Balkan Peninsula

Figs 13–24. Head, lateral aspect. Maximally developed males: 13 – Lethrus (Lethrus) halkidikensis sp. nov. (holotype); 16 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (holotype); 19 – L. (L.) raymondi Reitter, 1890 (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 22 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (holotype). Medium developed males: 14 – Lethrus (L.) halkidikensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Tagarádes – OHCB); 17 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (paratype, Bulgaria: Khotovo – OHCB); 20 – L. (L.) raymondi (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 23 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Séres – OHCB). Underdeveloped males: 15 – Lethrus (L.) halkidikensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Tagarádes – OHCB); 18 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (paratype, Bulgaria: Khotovo – OHCB); 21 – L. (L.) raymondi (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 24 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Séres – OHCB). Lettering: a – lateral longitudinal keel on base of ventral mandibular process, b – subapical tooth of ventral mandibular process, c – apical tooth of ventral mandibular process. Schematically, not to scale.

Figs 1–12 in Three new Lethrus species close to L. raymondi (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from the Balkan Peninsula

Figs 1–12. Head, frontal aspect. Maximally developed males: 1 – Lethrus (Lethrus) halkidikensis sp. nov. (holotype); 4 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (holotype); 7 – L. (L.) raymondi Reitter, 1890 (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 10 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (holotype). Medium developed males: 2 – Lethrus (L.) halkidikensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Tagarádes – OHCB); 5 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (paratype, Bulgaria: Khotovo – OHCB); 8 – L. (L.) raymondi (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 11 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Séres – OHCB). Underdeveloped males: 3 – Lethrus (L.) halkidikensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Tagarádes – OHCB); 6 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (paratype, Bulgaria: Khotovo – OHCB); 9 – L. (L.) raymondi (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB); 12 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (paratype, Greece: Séres – OHCB). Lettering: b – subapical tooth of ventral mandibular process, c – apical tooth of ventral mandibular process, d – inferiobasal tooth of ventral mandibular process, e – apical emargination of ventral mandibular process. Schematically, not to scale.

Fig. 45 in Three new Lethrus species close to L. raymondi (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from the Balkan Peninsula

Fig. 45. Sketch map of the Vardar / Axiós river basin (Macedonia, Greece) with marked distribution of Lethrus (L.) raymondi Reitter, 1890 empty dot represents the type locality.

Figs 39–42 in Three new Lethrus species close to L. raymondi (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from the Balkan Peninsula

Figs 39–42. Habitus in frontolateral aspect. 39 – Lethrus (Lethrus) halkidikiensis sp. nov. (holotype), 40 – L. (L.) perun sp. nov. (holotype), 41 – L. (L.) raymondi Reitter, 1890 (Greece: Néa Filadélfia – OHCB, body length: 28 mm), 42 – L. (L.) strymonensis sp. nov. (holotype).