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27 results for “Bat predation”
Data from: Predation of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) on hibernating bats
<p>In order to protect hibernating bats effectively, more knowledge about mortality factors is needed. This study proved the wood mouse (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>) actively predates on bats. Fresh remains made by the wood mouse can be identified due to a typical pattern of lesions.</p> <p>This study was conducted in the province of Zuid-Holland, between the cities of Den Haag (The Hague), Leiden and the town of Wassenaar (between 52-070 and 52-090N, 4-180 and 4-210E). During a preliminary investigation with a trail camera, we were able to prove that wood mice actively searched for prey. Thereafter, remains of partially eaten bats have been collected and inspected in the laboratory. Bats which had not died of predation were excluded from the analysis. The remains that we found showed the typical pattern of lesions attributable to predation by wood mice. The skin of the victims is scraped clean. In the process of eating all the soft tissue, the skin is turned inside out, including the skin around the skull and hind legs. We found a total of 214 remains of predated bats during the 12 years. The resulting data are presented in this dataset.</p> <p> </p> <p>Files</p> <p><strong>Distance to entrance</strong></p> <p>Status: status of observation, this is a filter for fresh remains.</p> <p>Date: date of the observation of the remains. Note: observations were made each 2 weeks, not necessarily the date of death.</p> <p>Species: fresh remains of what bat species</p> <p>Location: name of hibernacula, location of observation</p> <p>N of animals: number of fresh remains</p> <p>Distance: distance to the exit (in meters)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Oak and predation</strong></p> <p>Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January</p> <p>Predation: N of fresh remains found in one winter</p> <p>Cumulative N of bats: The cumulative population, based on the maximum population size of each site.</p> <p>Mast production of the common oak (kg): kg of acorns. We used annual data on the seed production of common oak collected by the ‘Vereniging Wildbeheer Veluwe’ in the province of Gelderland as a measure for the availability of acorns in our study area.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Predation and winter population</strong></p> <p>Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January</p> <p>Predation: the Number of predated bats</p> <p>Max N: the maximum population size</p> <p>Location: the hibernacula</p>
Data from: Neural representation of bat predation risk and evasive flight in moths: a modelling approach
<p>Most animals are at risk from multiple predators and can vary anti-predator behaviour based on the level of threat posed by each predator. Animals use sensory systems to detect predator cues, but the relationship between the tuning of sensory systems and the sensory cues related to predator threat are not well-studied at the community level. Noctuid moths have ultrasound-sensitive ears to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Here, combining empirical data and mathematical modelling, we show that moth hearing is adapted to provide information about the threat posed by different sympatric bat species. First, we found that multiple characteristics related to the threat posed by bats to moths correlate with bat echolocation call frequency. Second, the frequency tuning of the most sensitive auditory receptor in noctuid moth ears provides information allowing moths to escape detection by all sympatric bats with similar safety margin distances. Third, the least sensitive auditory receptor usually responds to bat echolocation calls at a similar distance across all moth species for a given bat species. If this neuron triggers last-ditch evasive flight, it suggests that there is an ideal reaction distance for each bat species, regardless of moth size. This study shows that even a very simple sensory system can adapt to deliver information suitable for triggering appropriate defensive reactions to each predator in a multiple predator community.</p>
Figures 2–7. Cayman Islands Sphingidae. 2 in A checklist of the hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of the Cayman Islands: with implications for the pollination of the ghost orchid Dendrophylax fawcettii Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Angraecinae) and consideration of bat predation
Figures 2–7. Cayman Islands Sphingidae. 2) Isognathus rimosa. 3) Erinnyis obscura. 4) Phryxus caicus. 5) Predation of Pachylia ficus larva by Mangrove Cuckoo, Coccyzus minor. 6) Pachylia ficus. 7) Enyo lugubris. Photographic credits: M.C. Rose-Smyth (2, 27.i.2017; 3, 08.viii.2018; 4, 24.xiii.2015, 6, 05.iv.2018; 7, 13.ii.2018), Yves-Jacques Rey-Millet (5, 29.xii.2012).
Figures 8–11. Cayman Islands Sphingidae. 8 in A checklist of the hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of the Cayman Islands: with implications for the pollination of the ghost orchid Dendrophylax fawcettii Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Angraecinae) and consideration of bat predation
Figures 8–11. Cayman Islands Sphingidae. 8) Eumorpha vitis. 9) Eumorpha fasciatus. 10) Eumorpha satellitia posticatus. 11) Xylophanes tersa. Photographic credits: Stuart Mailer (8, 12.v.2010), Peter and Norma Davey (9, 10.ii.2018), Gary J. Goss (10, 26.vi.2017), M.C. Rose-Smyth (11, NTCI collection).
Figure 1 in A checklist of the hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of the Cayman Islands: with implications for the pollination of the ghost orchid Dendrophylax fawcettii Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Angraecinae) and consideration of bat predation
Figure 1. Collection and observation locations in the Cayman Islands. Little Cayman: 1. Nature Trail; 2. Stonewall Dr., Spyglass Hill; 3. Pirates Point; 4. South Town (Blossom Village); 5. Cross the Land Road (now Guy Banks); 6. Central Forest, south of Sparrowhawk Hill; 7. Coppice Rd. Cayman Brac: A. West End (Cotton Tree Land); B. Stake Bay (Stakes Bay in Jordan 1940); C. Arlin Reid Drive; D. Earthquake Hole; E. Spot Bay; E1. Lighthouse Trail. Grand Cayman: F. West Bay; G. Crystal Harbour; H. George Town (Georgetown in Jordan 1940); I. Ocean Club; J. Newlands; K. North Sound Estates; L. Savannah; M. Agricultural Grounds/Pavilion/Lottery Rd.; N. Valley Gardens; O. Bodden Town; P. High Rock; Q. East End; R. Colliers Wilderness Reserve; S. Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park; T. Old Man Bay; U. Mastic Trail; V. Hutland (Hut Rd.); W. North Side; X. North Sound, Booby Cay (Booby Bay in Jordan 1940).
Figure 12 in A checklist of the hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of the Cayman Islands: with implications for the pollination of the ghost orchid Dendrophylax fawcettii Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Angraecinae) and consideration of bat predation
Figure 12. Tongue lengths of twenty of the twenty-three species of hawkmoth found in Grand Cayman, plus that of Dolba hyloeus. Data from: Miller (1997) supplemented by Haber and Frankie (1989), Houlihan et al. (2019): and Danaher et al. (2019). Species are grouped by "pollinia carriers" and "visitors to flowers" in Florida, according to Houlihan et al. (2019) and Danaher et al. (2019) and "not observed". Colour codes are: red = species not occurring in Grand Cayman; blue = species occurring in Grand Cayman.
Figures 4–5 in A fourth account of centipede (Chilopoda) predation on bats
Figures 4–5. Photographs of centipede predation in Texas. 4) Uncoiling of Scolopendra heros from E. fuscus. 5) Injured bat after S. heros had retreated.
Figures 1–3 in A fourth account of centipede (Chilopoda) predation on bats
Figures 1–3. Locations of Scolopendra predations on bats. 1) Western Hemisphere. Star, Palo Duro Canyon. Texas, USA. Dot, cave in Venezuela. Square/Triangle, Brazilian sites. 2) Location of Palo Duro Canyon in Texas. 3) Photo of the slot canyon where the Texas incident occurred.
Data from: Strong bat predation and weak environmental constraints predict longer moth tails
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Data from: Neural representation of bat predation risk and evasive flight in moths: a modelling approach
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Data from: Investigating cat predation as the cause of bat wing tears using forensic DNA analysis
<p>Cat predation upon bat<i> </i>species has been reported to have significant effects on bat populations in both rural and urban areas. The majority of research in this area has focussed on observational data from bat rehabilitators documenting injuries, and cat owners, when domestic cats present prey. However, this has the potential to underestimate the number of bats killed or injured by cats. Here, we use forensic DNA analysis techniques to analyse swabs taken from injured bats in the United Kingdom, mainly including <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus </i>(40 out of 72 specimens)<i>. </i>Using quantitative PCR, cat DNA was found in two-thirds of samples submitted by bat rehabilitators. Of these samples, short tandem repeat analysis produced partial DNA profiles for approximately one-third of samples, which could be used to link predation events to individual cats. The use of genetic analysis can complement observational data, and potentially provide additional information to give a more accurate estimation of cat predation. </p>
Data from: Ecological and behavioral determinants of sex-biased predation of katydid prey by a bat predator
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Data from: Investigating cat predation as the cause of bat wing tears using forensic DNA analysis
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Data from: Metabarcoding for the parallel identification of several hundred predators and their preys: application to bat species diet analysis
Assessing diet variability is of main importance to better understand the biology of bats and design conservation strategies. Although the advent of metabarcoding has facilitated such analyses, this approach does not come without challenges. Biases may occur throughout the whole experiment, from fieldwork to biostatistics, resulting in the detection of false negatives, false positives or low taxonomic resolution. We detail a rigorous metabarcoding approach based on a short COI minibarcode and two-step PCR protocol enabling the 'all at once' taxonomic identification of bats and their arthropod preys for several hundreds of samples. Our study includes faecal pellets collected in France from 357 bats representing 16 species, as well as insect mock communities that mimic bat meals of known composition, negative and positive controls. All samples were analysed using three replicates. We compare the efficiency of DNA extraction methods and we evaluate the effectiveness of our protocol using identification success, taxonomic resolution, sensitivity, and amplification biases. Our parallel identification strategy of predators and preys reduces the risk of mis-assigning preys to wrong predators and decreases the number of molecular steps. Controls and replicates enable to filter the data and limit the risk of false positives, hence guaranteeing high confidence results for both prey occurrence and bat species identification. We validate 551 COI variants from arthropod including 18 orders, 117 family, 282 genus and 290 species. Our method therefore provides a rapid, resolutive and cost-effective screening tool for addressing evolutionary ecological issues or developing 'chirosurveillance' and conservation strategies.
Data from: Silent katydid females are at higher risk of bat predation than acoustically signalling katydid males
Males that produce conspicuous mate attraction signals are often at high risk of predation from eavesdropping predators. Females of such species typically search for signalling males and their higher motility may also place them at risk. The relative predation risk faced by males and females in the context of mate-finding using long-distance signals has rarely been investigated. In this study, we show, using a combination of diet analysis and behavioural experiments, that katydid females, who do not produce acoustic signals, are at higher risk of predation from a major bat predator, Megaderma spasma, than calling males. Female katydids were represented in much higher numbers than males in the culled remains beneath roosts of M. spasma. Playback experiments using katydid calls revealed that male calls were approached in only about one-third of the trials overall, whereas tethered, flying katydids were always approached and attacked. Our results question the idea that necessary costs of mate-finding, including risk of predation, are higher in signalling males than in searching females.
Figure 3 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 3: Temporal distribution of insect remains preyed upon by Tonatia bidens in the Brazilian Caatinga. (A) Richness, number of insect remains, and monthly rainfall recorded in each sampled month. (B) Richness and number of insect remains in the dry (September and October 2016, March and August 2017) and rainy (May and November 2022) seasons, considering all data gathered. Rainfall data from https://www.apac.pe.gov. br.
Figure 1 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 1: Abundance of remains of different lepidopteran taxa sampled under feeding perches of the bat Tonatia bidens, in the Brazilian Caatinga. Data collected in September and October 2016, March and August 2017, and May and November 2022. Undet. = undetermined. Lepidopteran silhouettes were used under CC0 1.0 license (www.phylopic.org).
Figure 2 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 2: Abundance of remains of different coleopteran taxa sampled under feeding perches of the bat Tonatia bidens, in the Brazilian Caatinga. Data collected in September and October 2016, March and August 2017, and May and November 2022. Coleopteran silhouettes were used under CC0 1.0 license (www.phylopic.org).
Data from: Silent katydid females are at higher risk of bat predation than acoustically signalling katydid males
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Find the Food First: An Omnivorous Sensory Morphotype Predates Biomechanical Specialization for Plant Based Diets in Phyllostomid Bats
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