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37 results for “Batesian mimicry”
Supplementary materials for: How effective are insect aposematism and Batesian mimicry in deterring a wild avian predator?
<p><strong><a name="_Hlk180513890"></a>Acoustic_parameters_10cm.txt</strong><br>Acoustic parameters of the sounds produced by insects in flight, species recorded at 10 cm from the microphone.</p> <p><strong>Acoustic_parameters_5cm.txt<br></strong>Acoustic parameters of the sounds produced by insects in flight, species recorded at 5 cm from the microphone.</p> <p><strong>Robin_behaviours.txt</strong> <br><em>Erithacus rubecula</em> reactions measured in Boris software from videos of behavioural experiments.</p> <p><strong>Rscript_robin_behaviours.R</strong><br>R script used for the analysis of robins’ behaviours (using Robin_behaviours.txt).</p> <p><strong>Rscript_acoustical_analyses.R</strong><br>R script used for the analysis of acoustical parameters of insect buzzing sounds (using Acoustic_parameters_10cm.txt and Acoustic_parameters_5cm.txt).</p> <p><strong>Robin_experiment_video.mp4<br></strong>Behavioural experiment with a wild European robin (<em>Erithacus rubecula</em>) in its habitat. A freshly defrosted insect specimen and the corresponding buzzing sound of each recorded hymenopteran model and lepidopteran mimic (plus a housefly as a control) were presented in random order to the robin at a feeder with <em>Tenebrio molitor</em> larvae.</p> <p><strong>Robin_experiment_video_Metadata.docx</strong><br><span>Metadata for the supplementary video Robin_experiment_video.mp4.</span></p>
Data from: Is temporal synchrony necessary for effective Batesian mimicry?
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Data from: Frequency-dependence shapes the adaptive landscape of imperfect Batesian mimicry
Despite more than a century of biological research on the evolution and maintenance of mimetic signals, the relative frequencies of models and mimics necessary to establish and maintain Batesian mimicry in natural populations remains understudied. Here we investigate the frequency-dependent dynamics of imperfect Batesian mimicry, using predation experiments involving artificial butterfly models. We use two geographically distinct populations of Adelpha butterflies that vary in their relative frequencies of a putatively defended model (Adelpha iphiclus) and Batesian mimic (Adelpha serpa). We found that in Costa Rica, where both species share similar abundances, Batesian mimicry breaks down, and predators more readily attack artificial butterfly models of the presumed mimic, A. serpa. In contrast, in Ecuador, where A. iphiclus (model) is significantly more abundant than A. serpa (mimic), both species are equally protected from predation. Our results provide compelling experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry is frequency-dependent on the relative abundance of models and mimics in natural populations, and contribute to the growing body of evidence that complex dynamics, such as seasonality or the availability of alternative prey, influence the evolution of mimetic traits.
Data for: Ebony underpins Batesian mimicry in melanic stoneflies
<p><span>The evolution of Batesian mimicry – whereby harmless species avoid predation through their resemblance to harmful species – has long intrigued biologists. In rare cases, Batesian mimicry is linked to intraspecific colour variation, in which only some individuals within a population resemble a noxious 'model'. Here, we assess intraspecific colour variation within a widespread New Zealand stonefly, wherein highly melanised individuals of <em>Zelandoperla</em> closely resemble a chemically defended aposematic stonefly, <em>Austroperla</em> <em>cyrene</em>. We assess convergence in the colour pattern of these two species, compare their relative palatability to predators, and use genome-wide association mapping to assess the genetic basis of this resemblance. Our analysis reveals that melanised <em>Zelandoperla </em>overlap significantly with <em>Austroperla</em> in colour space, but are significantly more palatable to predators, implying that they are indeed Batesian mimics. Analysis of 194,773 genome-wide SNPs reveals an outlier locus (<em>ebony</em>) strongly differentiating melanic versus non-melanic <em>Zelandoperla</em>. Genotyping of 338 specimens from a single <em>Zelandoperla</em> population indicates that <em>ebony</em> explains nearly 70% of the observed variance in melanism. As <em>ebony</em> has a well-documented role in insect melanin biosynthesis, our findings indicate this locus has a conserved function across deeply divergent hexapod lineages. Distributional records suggest a link between the occurrence of melanic <em>Zelandoperla</em> and the forested ecosystems where the model <em>Austroperla</em> is abundant, suggesting the potential for adaptive shifts in this system underpinned by environmental change.</span></p>
Data for: How does viewing angle affect the perceived accuracy of Batesian mimicry in hoverflies?
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Batesian mimicry converges towards inaccuracy in myrmecomorphic spiders
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Data from: Testing the adaptive hypothesis of Batesian mimicry among hybridizing North American admiral butterflies
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Data for: Ebony underpins Batesian mimicry in melanic stoneflies
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Data from: Eco-evolutionary metapopulation dynamics of Batesian mimicry: Conditions for mimics without models
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Data from: Frequency-dependence shapes the adaptive landscape of imperfect Batesian mimicry
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From lagging to leading: Increased phenological asynchrony in a Batesian mimicry complex
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Data from: Citizen science and color pattern analysis indicate unreported Batesian mimicry between Neotropical snakes
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Figure 3 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 3. Variation in the dorsal pattern of preserved specimens of (a) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21964) from Mulisi, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, South Kivu, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (UTEP 21960) from Epulu, Ituri, DRC; (b) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21965) from Kyasa, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Maniema, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (CM 15164) from Lolodorf, Cameroon; and (c) adult S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) from Ngayu, DRC and adult B. gabonica (CM 60728) from Eseka, Cameroon. Note the adult specimen of S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) is discoloured (i.e. darkened) because of 110 years of preservation.
Figure 1 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 1. Photographs in life of (a) subadult Bitis gabonica (UTEP 21959) from Irangi, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); (b) subadult Sclerophrys channingi (UTEP 21963) from Mwana River near Kalundu, South Kivu, DRC; (c) adult Bitis gabonica (captive specimen) from Irangi; and (d) adult Sclerophrys channingi (captive specimen, photo courtesy of Wolfgang Böhme) from Irangi.
Data from: Multi-trait aposematic signal in Batesian mimicry
Batesian mimics can parasitize Müllerian mimicry rings mimicking the warning color signal. The evolutionary success of Batesian mimics can increase adding complexity to the signal by behavioral and locomotor mimicry. We investigated three fundamental morphological and locomotor traits in a Neotropical mimicry ring based on Ithomiini butterflies and parasitized by Polythoridae damselflies: wing color, wing shape, and flight style. The study species have wings with a subapical white patch, considered the aposematic signal, and a more apical black patch. The main predators are VS-birds, visually more sensitive to violet than to ultraviolet wavelengths (UVS-birds). The white patches, compared to the black patches, were closer in the bird color space, with higher overlap for VS-birds than for UVS-birds. Using a discriminability index for bird vision, the white patches were more similar between the mimics and the model than the black patches. The wing shape of the mimics was closer to the model in the morphospace, compared to other outgroup damselflies. The wing-beat frequency was similar among mimics and the model, and different from another outgroup damselfly. Multitrait aposematic signals involving morphology and locomotion may favor the evolution of mimicry rings and the success of Batesian mimics by improving signal effectiveness toward predators.
Data from: Predator perception of Batesian mimicry and conspicuousness in a salamander
In Batesian mimicry a palatable mimic deceives predators by resembling an unpalatable model. The evolution of Batesian mimicry relies on the visual capabilities of the potential predators, as prey detection provides the selective force driving evolutionary change. We compared the visual capabilities of several potential predators to test predictions stemming from the hypothesis of Batesian mimicry between two salamanders: the model species Notophthalmus viridescens, and polymorphic mimic, Plethodon cinereus. First, we found mimicry to be restricted to coloration, but not brightness. Second, only bird predators appeared able to discriminate between the colors of models and non-mimic P. cinereus. Third, estimates of salamander conspicuousness were background-dependent, corresponding to predictions only for backgrounds against which salamanders are most active. These results support the hypothesis that birds influence the evolution of Batesian mimicry in P. cinereus, as they are the only group examined capable of differentiating N. viridescens and non-mimetic P. cinereus. Additionally, patterns of conspicuousness suggest that selection from predators may drive the evolution of conspicuousness in this system. This study confirms the expectation that the visual abilities of predators may influence the evolution of Batesian mimicry, but the role of conspicuousness may be more complex than previously thought.
Data for: Mapping the evolution of accurate Batesian mimicry of social wasps in hoverflies
<p>Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) provide an excellent opportunity to study the evolution of Batesian mimicry, where defenceless prey avoid predation by evolving to resemble defended 'model' species. While some hoverflies beautifully resemble their hymenopteran models, others seem to be poor mimics or are apparently non-mimetic. The reasons for this variation are still enigmatic despite decades of research. Here, we address this issue by mapping social-wasp mimicry across the phylogeny of Holarctic hoverflies. Using the 'distance transform' technique, we calculate an objective measure of the abdominal pattern similarity between 167 hoverfly species and a widespread putative model, the social wasp, <em>Vespula germanica</em>. We find that good wasp mimicry has evolved several times, and may have also been lost, leading to the presence of non-mimics deep within clades of good mimics. Body size was positively correlated with similarity to the model, supporting previous findings that smaller species are often poorer mimics. Additionally, univoltine species were less accurate wasp mimics than multivoltine and bivoltine species. Hence, variation in the accuracy of Batesian mimics may reflect variation in the opportunity for selection caused by differences in prey value or signal perception (influenced by body size) and phenology or generation time (influenced by voltinism).</p>
Figs. 41–44. Possible Batesian mimicry. 41 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Subfamily Peloniinae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part XII. Taxonomic Revision of the South American Genus Lasiodera Gray
Figs. 41–44. Possible Batesian mimicry. 41) Lasiodera kirbyi; 42) Enoclerus obliquevittis; 43) Haplomutilla spinosa (Mutillidae); 44) Ameris dufresnii (Curculionidae).
Data for: Mapping the evolution of accurate Batesian mimicry of social wasps in hoverflies
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Data from: Predator perception of Batesian mimicry and conspicuousness in a salamander
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