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opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

A Standardized Review of Bat Names Across Multiple Taxonomic Authorities

The Bat Eco-Interactions Working Group, in collaboration with GBatNet and the international Bat Taxonomy Group, developed the Bat Taxonomic Alignment (BTA) to reconcile taxonomic discrepancies across currently recognized bat species. As knowledge of bat population structure and evolutionary history advances, taxonomic boundaries and species names are frequently revised. To address these changes, the BTA integrates data from ten leading taxonomic authorities and consolidates relationships, synonyms, and historic combinations for over 1,480 valid bat species across 1,680 taxonomic treatments. This open-access, searchable tool provides a time-calibrated inventory of Chiroptera taxonomy, documenting valid names, alternative names, subspecies, and synonymies. By aligning these classifications, the BTA enables users to identify unharmonized binomials and trace nomenclatural changes over time. It promotes taxonomic clarity critical for research, biodiversity assessments, and conservation planning, where misidentified or misaligned taxa can lead to gaps in knowledge, resource misallocation, or overlooked species. The BTA thus represents a foundational advancement in bat biodiversity informatics, emphasizing transparency, data provenance, and interoperability across digital taxonomic frameworks.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Data for "Let's not wing it: Effective conservation of subterranean-roosting bats"

Database as both excel (.xls) and tab-delimited (.csv) associated with the publication:  Meierhofer M.B., et al. (2023) Let’s not wing it: Effective conservation of subterranean-roosting bats. Conservation biology. Please refer to the main publication for a detailed description. An explanation of the database is available in the Metadata file uploaded alongside the database. R code to reproduce the analysis pipeline is available on GitHub: https://github.com/StefanoMammola/Analysis_Cave_bat_conservation.git

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Supplementary Datasets for the publication "Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats Do Not Support Productive Replication of Cedar Virus upon Experimental Challenge"

Cedar henipavirus (CedV), which was isolated from the urine of pteropodid bats in Australia, belongs to the genus Henipavirus in the family of Paramyxoviridae. It is closely related to the Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which have been classified at the highest biosafety level (BSL4) due to their high pathogenicity for humans. Meanwhile, CedV is apathogenic for humans and animals. As such, it is often used as a model virus for the highly pathogenic henipaviruses HeV and NiV. In this study, we challenged eight Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats of different age groups with CedV in order to assess their age-dependent susceptibility to a CedV infection. Upon intranasal inoculation, none of the animals developed clinical signs, and only trace amounts of viral RNA were detectable at 2 days post-inoculation in the upper respiratory tract and the kidney as well as in oral and anal swab samples. Continuous monitoring of the body temperature and locomotion activity of four animals, however, indicated minor alterations in the challenged animals, which would have remained unnoticed otherwise.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Supplementary Datasets for the publication "Increased Susceptibility of Rousettus aegyptiacus Bats to Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Challenge Despite Its Distinct Tropism for Gut Epithelia in Bats"

Increasing evidence suggests bats are the ancestral hosts of the majority of coronaviruses. In gen-eral, coronaviruses primarily target the gastrointestinal system, while some strains, especially Be-tacoronaviruses with the most relevant representatives SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, also cause severe respiratory disease in humans and other mammals. We previously reported the susceptibility of Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian fruit bats) to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we compared their permissiveness to an oral infection versus respiratory challenge (in-tranasal or orotracheal) by assessing virus shedding, host immune responses, tissue-specific pa-thology, and physiological parameters. While respiratory challenge with a moderate infection dose of 1 × 104 TCID50 caused a systemic infection with oral and nasal shedding of replica-tion-competent virus, the oral challenge only induced nasal shedding of low levels of viral RNA. Even after a challenge with a higher infection dose of 1 × 106 TCID50, no replication-competent vi-rus was detectable in any of the samples of the orally challenged bats. We postulate that SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated by HCl and digested by pepsin in the stomach of R. aegyptiacus, thereby decreasing the efficiency of an oral infection. Therefore, fecal shedding of RNA seems to depend on systemic dissemination upon respiratory infection. These findings may influence our general understanding of the pathophysiology of coronavirus infections in bats.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Data, scripts, and R Notebook for Carneiro et al 2023. Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics. Integrative Zoology DOI:10.1111/1749-4877.12707

Files provided as supporting information for the paper by Carneiro et al. 2023. Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics. Integrative Zoology. DOI:10.1111/1749-4877.12707 File descriptions ArmTA.txt - Temperature and surface areas for arms of C. perspicillata after flight experiment BodyTA.txt - Temperature and surface areas for body of C. perspicillata after flight experiment HeadTA.txt - Temperature and surface areas for head of C. perspicillata after flight experiment WingTA.txt - Temperature and surface areas for wings (patagium) of C. perspicillata after flight experiment WingMorph.txt - Morphological variables measured in the body and wings of C. perspicillata HeatLoss.R - Function to estimate heat loss (Qt) PowFlight.R - Function to estimate minimum power required to fly Script-HeatLoss-FlightPerformance.R - R script with set of analyses performed SupportingInformationFile.docx - R notebook with set of analyses performed, word format SupportingInformationFile.nb.html - R notebook with set of analyses performed, html format SupportingInformationFile.Rmd - R notebook with set of analyses performed (R markdown) For the R scripts (Script-HeatLoss-FlightPerformance.R) and notebook ( SupportingInformationFile.Rmd) to work and be compiled, all files need to be copied to the same folder.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Graphic Illustration of Molly McDonough's Talk: Exploring bat coronaviruses using the FMNH cryo collection

<a href="https://lib.ku.edu/people/courtney-foat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Courtney Foat</a>, Advisor for Strategic Initiatives & Organizational Engagement at the University of Kansas, graphically recorded this invited talk by Molly McDonough at an NSF-supported Workshop:  Digital Collections Data and Tracking Disease.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Graphic Illustration of Verity Mathis' Talk: Virome composition in fresh bat guano, frozen and fluid-preserved bat tissues

<a href="https://lib.ku.edu/people/courtney-foat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Courtney Foat</a>, Advisor for Strategic Initiatives & Organizational Engagement at the University of Kansas, graphically recorded this invited talk by Verity Mathis at an NSF-supported Workshop:  Digital Collections Data and Tracking Disease.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Wind energy production in forests conflicts with tree - roosting bats

Many countries are investing heavily in wind power generation,1 triggering a high demand for suitable land. As a result, wind energy facilities are increasingly being installed in forests,2,3 despite the fact that forests are crucial for the protection of terrestrial biodiversity.4 This green-green dilemma is particularly evident for bats, as most species at risk of colliding with wind turbines roost in trees.2 With some of these species reported to be declining,5-8 we see an urgent need to understand how bats respond to wind turbines in forested areas, especially in Europe where all bat species are legally protected. We used miniaturized global positioning system (GPS) units to study how European common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula), a species that is highly vulnerable at turbines,9 respond to wind turbines in forests. Data from 60 tagged common noctules yielded a total of 8129 positions, of which 2.3% were recorded at distances <100 m from the nearest turbine. Bats were particularly active at turbines <500 m near roosts, which may require such turbines to be shut down more frequently at times of high bat activity to reduce collision risk. Beyond roosts, bats avoided turbines over several kilometers, supporting earlier findings on habitat loss for forest-associated bats.10 This habitat loss should be compensated by developing parts of the forest as refugia for bats. Our study highlights that it can be particularly challenging to generate wind energy in forested areas in an ecologically sustainable manner with minimal impact on forests and the wildlife that inhabit them.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Nominal list of bats of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi (CRB) region in The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi revisited (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

Nominal list of bats of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi (CRB) region<table><thead><tr><th>Hayman et al. (1966)</th><th>Present study</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>MEGACHIROPTERA Pteropidae</th><td>PTEROPODIFORMI Pteropodidae Eidolinae</td></tr><tr><th>Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792)</th><td>Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Rousettinae Epomophorini</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Epomophorus anselli Bergmans & Van Strien, 2004</th></tr><tr><th>Epomophorus crypturus Peters, 1852 Epomophorus gambianus (Ogilby, 1835)</th><td>Epomophorus crypturus Peters, 1852</td></tr><tr><th>Epomophorus anurus Heuglin, 1864 Epomophorus labiatus minor (Dobson, 1880)</th><td>Epomophorus labiatus (Temminck, 1837)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Epomophorus minimus Claessen & De Vree, 1991</th></tr><tr><th>Epomophorus labiatus minor (Dobson, 1880)</th><td>Epomophorus minor Dobson, 1880</td></tr><tr><th>Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani (Halowell, 1846)</th><td>Epomophorus wahlbergi (Sundevall, 1846)</td></tr><tr><th>Epomops dobsoni (Bocage, 1889)</th><td>Epomops dobsonii (Bocage, 1889)</td></tr><tr><th>Epomops franqueti franqueti (Tomes, 1860)</th><td>Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860)</td></tr><tr><th>Hypsignathus monstrosus H. Allen, 1861</th><td>Hypsignathus monstrosus H. Allen, 1862</td></tr><tr><th>Micropteropus intermedius Hayman, 1963</th><td>Micropteropus intermedius Hayman, 1963</td></tr><tr><th>Micropteropus pusillus (Peters, 1867)</th><td>Micropteropus pusillus (Peters, 1868)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Nanonycteris veldkampii (Jentink, 1888)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Myonycterini</th></tr><tr><th>Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 Megaloglossus woermanni prigoginei Hayman, 1966</th><td>Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885</td></tr><tr><th>Rousettus (Lissonycteris) angolensis (Bocage, 1898)</th><td>Myonycteris angolensis (Bocage, 1898)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Myonycteris relicta Bergmans, 1980</td></tr><tr><th>Myonycteris wroughtoni Andersen, 1908</th><td>Myonycteris torquata (Dobson, 1878)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Plerotini</td></tr><tr><th>Plerotes anchietae (Seabra, 1900)</th><td>Plerotes anchietae (Seabra, 1900)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Rousettini</td></tr><tr><th>Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (Smith, 1823)</th><td>Rousettus aegyptiacus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1810)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Scotonycterini</td></tr><tr><th>Casinycteris argynnis Thomas, 1910</th><td>Casinycteris argynnis Thomas, 1910</td></tr><tr><th>Scotonycteris zenkeri Matschie, 1894</th><td>Scotonycteris bergmansi Hassanin et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Stenonycterini</td></tr><tr><th>Rousettus (Stenonycteris) lanosus Thomas, 1906</th><td>Stenonycteris lanosus Thomas, 1906</td></tr><tr><th>MICROCHIROPTERA Hipposideridae</th><td>Hipposideridae</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Asellia tridens (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1813)</td></tr><tr><th>Hipposideros cyclops (Temminck, 1853)</th><td>Doryrhina cyclops (Temminck, 1853)</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Data for: "Climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology at Bracken Cave (USA)"

This dataset contains the spring and autumn migration phenology dataset used in Haest et al. (2020) to determine the drivers of migration phenology of Brazilian free-tailed bats at Bracken Cave (USA) over the period 1995-2017. The phenology dataset was derived from nightly colony population sizes estimated using weather radar data (Stepanian et al., 2018). See the Materials and Methods section in Haest et al. (2020) for more details on the dataset.  References: Haest, B., Stepanian, P. M., Wainwright, C. E., Liechti, F., & Bauer, S. (2021). Climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology at Bracken Cave (USA). Global Change Biology, 27(4), 768-780. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15433">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15433</a> Stepanian, P. M., & Wainwright, C. E. (2018). Ongoing changes in migration phenology and winter residency at Bracken Bat Cave. Global Change Biology, 24(7), 3266–3275. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14051">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14051</a>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Data for Mellado et al. The impacts of marking on bats: mark-recapture models for assessing injury rates and tag loss. Journal of Mammalogy. 103:100-110. DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyab153

Data sets used in Mellado et al. The impacts of marking on bats: mark-recapture models for assessing injury rates and tag loss. Journal of Mammalogy. 103:100-110. (https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab153) File Descriptions: CapHistTagLoss.txt - Capture histories for Carollia perspicillata identifying if individual was captured with both tags (B), arm bands (A), collar (C), not captured (0) or not monitored (dot). Covariates included are Sex, Forearm Length and Scaled Mass Index. CaptHistTagInj.txt - Capture histories for Carollia perspicillata identifying if individual was captured with no lesions from arm band (A), minor injury (I), major injury (M), not captured (0) or not monitored (dot). Covariates included are Sex, Forearm Length and Scaled Mass Index. LesionOccurrence.txt - Censored time-to-event data for survival analysis. Recorded events were the occurrence of lesions of any type due to arm bands. RingCondition.txt - Censored time-to-event data for survival analysis. Recorded events were the occurrence of damage to arm bands. SMI.txt - Longitudinal data for individual Carollia perspicillata Scaled Mass Index, identifying individual records, the occurrence of lesions, sex, month, year

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Dataset: Auditory brainstem responses to varying stimulus presentation rates of 12 bat species in the wild and captivity

Dataset for the Dataset Publication: Auditory brainstem responses to varying stimulus presentation rates of 12 bat species in the wild and captivity There are two datasets available: 1) the measured ABRs from Experiments 1 and 2 and 2) the extracted IOIs: <ol> <li>ABR measurements:</li> </ol> The filename of the ABR recordings from Experiment 1 include the species name, individual ID, sex, stimulus presentation rate (indicated as “modrate”) and recording day and time (yyyyddmm). Each recording file contains 256 measurements of the same stimulus and stimulus presentation rate in columns. An exemplary filename would be “Carollia_perspicillata_cp6male_modrate6_20190905T125903”, meaning that this is a recording of Carollia perspicillata individual cp6 of sex male, tested with a stimulus presentation rate of 6 Hz on the 09.05.2019, and the file was saved at 12:59:03 (the T between date and time stands for “Time”). The filename of the ABR recordings from Experiment 2 include the place of the Experiments (Bad Segeberg) and species name (C. perspicillata), individual ID, sex, stimulus presentation rate (indicated as “modrate”) and recording day and time (yyyymmdd; be aware, that the date format is different between Experiment 1 and 2). Each recording file contains 256 measurements of the same stimulus and stimulus presentation rate in columns. An exemplary filename would be “BadSegeberg_cper_1_male_modrate6_20200622T140952_stimulus_ST01_short  ”, meaning that this is a recording of Carollia perspicillata individual cp6 of sex male, tested with a stimulus presentation rate of 6 Hz on the 09.05.2019, and the file was saved at 12:59:03 (the T between date and time stands for “Time”), the individual was presented with stimulus example 01 of the short stimuli. <ol> <li>IOI recordings</li> </ol> The recordings of Inter-Onset-Intervals are all in one single csv file and species and sequence ID is given per row, to be able to analyze the data further.

Data from: Group size and dispersal ploys: An analysis of commuting behaviour of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)

This study aimed to provide a description on how Pond bats (Myotis dasycneme) disperse, how to recognize a commuting route, and details about the effort needed to make a complete survey of one commuting route. The study area covered the provinces of Zuid-Holland, Overijssel, Friesland, Noord-Holland, and Utrecht. During 6 years of study between 2002 and 2009, researchers and bat volunteers studied pond bats along several waterways (all waterways wider than 10 m) between known roosts and their hunting areas. All the observations were made between April and September, starting 20 min before sunset. During the entire observation effort, the time (in hours and minutes) and direction of each bat was recorded. The time that each bat passed the observation location was later transformed to minutes after sunset. The number of animals on commuting route was related to the number of animals present in their respective roost.   Data are organized in 3 files: commuting data 10 minutes.csv, commuting data.csv and observations waddinxveen.csv. The variables in these data files are explained here: Date: the observation date Location description: description of the location X Y: The coordinates of the location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service. Long Lat: The coordinates of the location in longitude and latitude. Distance over water: commuting distance over water. For each route, the distance (d) over water between roost and observation location was measured from a topographical map and expressed in kilometres. Moon cover: the amount of moon cover, expressed in percentages. Roost location: the assumed location of the roost of the bats passing on their commuting route Max N of bats in roost: the max number of bats observed emerging from a roost. Sum N of bats over 10-minute interval: the sum of all the observed bats passing in one direction within a 10-minute interval Time after sunset in 10 min: the begin time of each interval, measured in minutes after sunset Peak time after sunset: the time of the observed peak in numbers of bats, in minutes after sunset. Area: the municipality near the observation location. Total N of pond bats on route: the total number of pond bats observed on route, in the given observation time. Including foraging and returning bats. Total N of commuting pond bats: the total number of bats observed commuting (excluding all other behaviours). Time of first bat minutes after sunset: the time of the first bat, measured in minutes after sunset. Duration of commuting: the time in hours between the first and the last bat observed commuting. Observation time: the total duration (in minutes) of the observation period. Moon phases:  a 1–3 scale, where c1 is the new moon, c2 is the first quarter, c3 half moon, c4 is the last quarter and c5 is the full moon. Cloud cover: estimation of the cover, using the following three categories: c1-0%–25% cover (clear night sky or some isolated clouds), c2-25%–75% cover (several scattered clouds but not covering more than 75% of the night sky), and c3- 75%–100% cover (scattered clouds covering more than 75% of the night sky to a completely overcast night sky Observation type: observation of either emerging bats from a roost (roost) or bats observed on commuting route (commuting).   In addition, we also provide 2 pdf’s containing the observation protocols (in Dutch) for counting emerging bats (Handleiding tellen van een groep meervleermuizen.pdf) and bats along a commuting route (Handleiding vliegroute telling.pdf). The protocols are intended for professionals and citizen scientists.

Data from: Predation of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) on hibernating bats

In order to protect hibernating bats effectively, more knowledge about mortality factors is needed. This study proved the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) actively predates on bats. Fresh remains made by the wood mouse can be identified due to a typical pattern of lesions. This study was conducted in the province of Zuid-Holland, between the cities of Den Haag (The Hague), Leiden and the town of Wassenaar (between 52-070 and 52-090N, 4-180 and 4-210E). During a preliminary investigation with a trail camera, we were able to prove that wood mice actively searched for prey. Thereafter, remains of partially eaten bats have been collected and inspected in the laboratory. Bats which had not died of predation were excluded from the analysis. The remains that we found showed the typical pattern of lesions attributable to predation by wood mice. The skin of the victims is scraped clean. In the process of eating all the soft tissue, the skin is turned inside out, including the skin around the skull and hind legs. We found a total of 214 remains of predated bats during the 12 years. The resulting data are presented in this dataset.   Files Distance to entrance Status: status of observation, this is a filter for fresh remains. Date: date of the observation of the remains. Note: observations were made each 2 weeks, not necessarily the date of death. Species: fresh remains of what bat species Location: name of hibernacula, location of observation N of animals: number of fresh remains Distance: distance to the exit (in meters)   Oak and predation Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January Predation: N of fresh remains found in one winter Cumulative N of bats: The cumulative population, based on the maximum population size of each site. Mast production of the common oak (kg): kg of acorns. We used annual data on the seed production of common oak collected by the ‘Vereniging Wildbeheer Veluwe’ in the province of Gelderland as a measure for the availability of acorns in our study area.   Predation and winter population Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January Predation: the Number of predated bats Max N: the maximum population size Location: the hibernacula

Data from: Macro-evolutionary trade-offs as the basis for the distribution of European bats

We have compiled a dataset of life history traits and distribution characteristics of 30 European bat species, based on a literature study of a total of 56 primary and secondary sources. These life history traits are grouped into morphological, physiological and ecological adaptations.  Physiological adaptations: Neonatal mass: the average weight (g) of a newborn pup, measured within five days after birth. Average litter size: the average size of a full-term litter (including stillborn pups) per female. Weaning mass: the weight (g) of a juvenile during its first flight outside the roost. Adult body mass: the average weight (g) of adult bats during the summer (between 1 May and 1 July), excluding pregnant females. Litter mass: neonatal mass * average litter size. Relative mass of neonatal to adult: neonatal mass*100 / adult weight Relative mass of litter to adult: litter mass*100 / adult weight Gestation: the length of gestation period (in days), from fertilisation to birth. When mated during autumn or winter, the sperm (or fertilised egg in M. schreibersii) is stored throughout the winter. On arousal from hibernation in the spring, around mid March, female bats ovulate and gestation begins. In accordance with other researchers (e.g. Altringham 1996, Entwisle et al. 1998), 15 March was used as the start of the gestation period, for statistical reasons we also included M. schreibersii. Weaning: the length of the lactation period (in days) until offspring are fully independent. After the juveniles are capable of flight, mothers continue to give their young nourishment until they are fully independent. Only when no extra nourishment is provided are the offspring considered fully weaned. Reproductive period: gestation + weaning (in days). Average age at first reproduction: The age (in days) at which 75% of the female population becomes sexual mature. Many species reproduce just before or during their first winter (at approximately 80 days old), but in some species the majority of the population postpone their sexual development. Individuals are stated to have become sexual mature if they participate in mating, have been found to be pregnant or inseminated. Observed average age: observed average age of adults in a population at a given time (in years). Longevity: the age (in years) of the oldest observed individual. The longevity can only be obtained by marking and later recapturing individuals. Most recapture data are collected in summer roosts or hibernacula. As not all species show the same fidelity to summer roost sites or can be found in hibernacula that are accessible to humans, this measure is sensitive to the chance of recapture. Minimum hibernation temperature: the minimum temperature (degrees Celsius) at which each species is observed.   Morphological adaptations Length of forearm at birth: the length of the forearm (mm) of a newborn bat, measured between the elbow to the wrist of a folded wing. This is widely accepted as a measurement of size. Although it is not the best reflection of the length of an individual, it can be measured rapidly and accurately under field conditions. Length of forearm adult: The length of the forearm (mm) of an adult bat. Relative length of forearm of a newborn to an adult: (length of the forearm at birth*100)/ Length of forearm adult. Wing span: the length of the wings (m). The distance between the wingtips of a bat with wings extended so the leading edge is straight (including body width). Wing area: The combined area of the two wings (m2) including the entire tail membrane and the portion of the body between the wings. Wing loading: the relation between body weight, wing size and gravity (Nm-2). This measurement is related to the mean pressure on the wings. Wing loading is the weight (mass, in kg, times gravitational acceleration) divided by the wing area, i.e Wing loading = (weight adult*9.81)/ wing area. The wing load can vary significantly between geometrically similar bats. Because of such allometry, large bats have a higher wing load than smaller bats. Wing aspect ratio: the square of the wingspan divided by the wing area, i.e. Wing aspect ratio = (wingspan)2 / wing area. This ratio can be interpreted as a measure of the aerodynamic efficiency of flight. A higher aspect ratio usually corresponds with greater aerodynamic efficiency (i.e. a streamlined body) and lower energy use in flight. Flight speed: The speed of flight (m/s). The speed of flight is usually measured in wind tunnel experiments or during radio-tracking.   Ecological adaptations Maximum migration distance: the maximum observed distance (km) between the summer and winter habitat. In contrast to birds, the direction of migration in bats is not determined by the change of the seasons, but by the locations of the hibernacula. This migration distance can only be obtained by capturing, marking and later recapturing individuals. Bats often migrate across national boundaries and gathering recapture data requires international cooperation. The chance of recapture is sensitive to sample effort and local observation methods. Average migration distance: the average distance (km) between the summer and winter habitat. Most species of bats migrate both short and long distances. The same restrictions described for maximum migration distance also apply to this parameter. Echolocation type: the predominant echolocation type used by each bat species. European bats use one or sometimes a combination of the following four types of echolocations: fm-CF-fm, fm-QCF (with the QCF part dominant), FM-qcf (with the FM part dominant) and FM. For statistical reasons both FM-qcf and FM are clustered in the group FM. The FM-qcf and fm-QCF echolocations are both often loud and used to detect distant prey. FM and fm-CF-fm echolocations are softer and bats using these types of echolocation receive more detailed knowledge of their surroundings. Bats primarily use only one type of echolocation, although many can make some slight adjustments to this. Echolocation range: the maximum distance that an echolocating bat can detect a structure or object. Echolocation minimum frequency: the minimum echolocation frequency (MHz) used by each bat species. Echolocation maximum frequency: the maximum echolocation frequency (MHz) used by each bat species. Duration call (ms): the average duration (in ms) of one complete call cycle.   Distribution parameters Northern limit of range: the most northerly observation (in latitude) of each bat species. This measurement includes anecdotal observations and observations of male bats. Northern limit of reproduction range: the most northerly observation (in latitude) of a maternity group. Note: confusion is possible between summer roosts and maternity roosts. Summer roosts are often inhabited by both males and females and less than 70% of the adult females participate in reproduction. Maternity roosts are predominantly occupied by females, and more than 70% of the adult females participate in reproduction. Southern limit of range: the most southerly observation (in latitude) of each bat species. This measurement includes anecdotal observations and observations of male bats. Southern limit of reproduction range: the most southerly observation (in latitude) of a maternity group. The same restrictions described for northern limit of reproduction range also apply to this parameter. Western limit of range: the most western observation (in longitude) of each bat species Eastern limit of range: the most eastern observation (in longitude) of each bat species Night length: The average night length (in hours) during midsummer (21st June) at the northern limit of the reproduction range.   Sources: 1. Jones et al. 2009, 2. Krapp 2011, 3. Schober & Grimmberger 1997, 4. Norberg & Rayner 1987, 5. Hutterer et al. 2005, 6. Dietz et al. 2009, 7. Supplementary data from Barclay et al. 2004, 8. Wilkinson & South 2002, 9 Jones & Rydell 1994, 10. Norberg 1986, 11. Jones 1994, 12. Baagøe 1987, 13.Fleming & Eby 2003, 14. Neuweiler 2000, 15. Hayssen et al. 1993, 16. Kunz & Kurta 1987, 17. Russo & Jones 2002, 18. Brunet-Rossinni & Austad 2004, 19. Aldridge 1987, 20. Urbańczyk 1991, 21. Nagel & Nagel 1991, 22. Masing & Lutsar 2007, 23. Masing 1983, 24. Gaisler 1970, 25. Norberg 1987, 26. Baydemür & Albayrak 2006, 27. Dietz et al. 2006, 28. Sharifi 2004, 29. Kerth et al. 2001, 30. Schmidt 2005, 31. Smirnov et al. 2008, 32. Verbeek 1998, 33. Pandurkska & Beshkov 1998, 34. Harmata 1969, 35. Sachanowicz & Zub 2002, 36. Arlettaz et al. 2001, 36. Ibáñez et al. 2001, 37. Estók 2007, 38. Lohrl 1936, 39. Kunz & Hood 2000, 40. Happold & Happold 1990, 41. Rydell 1990, 42. Reiter 2004, 43. Ransome 1990, 44. Zahn 1999, 45. Deanesly & Warwick 1939, 46. Racey 1969, 47. Racey & Swift 1981, 48. Racey 1974, 49. Masing 1982, 50. Boyd & Stebbings 1989, 51. Lesiñski 1986, 52. Barak & Yom-tov 1991, 53. Arlettaz et al. 2000, 54. Gaisler et al. 1997, 55, Heise 1989, 56. Papadatou et al. 2009, 57. Unpublished data: own measurements.

Data from: Male long-distance migrant turned sedentary; The West European pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) alters their migration and hibernation behaviour

Winter survey data, temperature data and mark recapture data of Myotis dasycneme. This study aimed to better understand the migration, mating and hibernation choices of the pond bat.   The study area covered the whole of the Netherlands, Belgium and East Frisia (northwest Germany). We defined two study periods, data collected between 1930 and 1980 (Sluiter and van Heerdt) and data between 1980 and 2015 (Haarsma). All available mark and recovery data (ringing) of both the historical and recent migration research were digitized. Observations include location and date of capture, species, sex and ring number. The latest observations in the recent dataset (Haarsma) also include biometric measurements (forearm length, body mass) and information about age and reproductive status. These biometric measurements show that male pond bats are on average smaller and lighter than females (body mass (g)/ forearm length (mm) females: 18.9/47.1, males: 16.4/46.4). The dataset shows changes in the fat mass of both sexes during a year. This study also compares migration data with winter monitoring survey data. We selected winter roosts with three or more records of three or more pond bats in one or both of the study periods. Only data from sites with long-term data series (from the hibernacula in the Dutch provinces of Zuid-Holland, Gelderland and Limburg) were used to analyse trends and annual abundance. Our selection included 59 limestone mines in the province of Limburg and 16 WOII bunkers in Gelderland and 38 in Zuid-Holland. We divided the sites into 'core' and 'satellite' sites depending on the timing of first colonization.   Bunker limestone mine microclimate   Radiation temperature: radiation temperature of the wall, measured with a non-contact infrared thermometer How many bats: the group size of each bat/ group of bats observed, categorized as alone and group. Where: the hanging location of the observed bat, categorized as hidden (in crevice) or free (free on ceiling or wall) Date: date of the observation Xy-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service. Type: Bunker or limestone Location description: description of the name of the site   Bunker monitoring core and satellite   Date: date Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January. Location description: description of the name of the site N of pond bats: total number of observed pond bats Province: the province Type: hibernacula categorized as a core or satellite site, sites occupied by pond bats since 1977 and 1997 respectively. XY-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.     Supporting information (as referenced in the published paper, hence also available with plos one) S1 Fig. The range of the West European pond bat population (TIF). The shaded areas indicate the areas where the bulk of the surveys were carried out. S2 Fig. The distribution of the pond bat in Europe (country boundaries are only indicative) (JPG). Within the whole range of the species distribution seven groups can be separated. A The Netherlands, Belgium and Northwest Germany (~the West European population), B Jutland Peninsula, C Central European lakelands, D The Baltic States, E Ural Mountains (hibernacula), F Volga Valley (summer nurseries), G Hungary and Romania. S3 Fig. The distribution of hibernacula used by the western pond bat population (TIF). These are sites with three or more records of pond bats in one or both study periods. We identified four roost categories: Roosts which have been used ever since 1900 (= green squares), roosts used only between 1900–1980 (= open black squares), roosts occupied after 1980 (= purple circles), roosts occupied after 1997 (= blue asterisks). Detailed maps, all with the same enlargement, of the clusters in the provinces of Zuid-Holland (1), Gelderland (1) and Limburg (3) are provided.   S1 Table. Summary of the average weight of pond bats over the study period. The weight is averaged per week. The table gives average weight of females, males both adults and juveniles.   Avg weight: average weight of pond bats of each sex, in a certain week Sex: male of female Week number: number of the week Age: juvenile (or young of the year). Defined as the from birth until the onset of first hibernation. Subadult or sexual immature, defined as individuals with no signs of (past) reproductive activity. Adult or sexual mature, defined as all individuals with signs of  (previous) reproductive activity. N observations: number of observations within each subset.   S2 Table. Mark and recapture data from the historical dataset.   Ringnumber: the label of the ring  Sex: male or female capture date: date of capture capture location: description of capture location x y coordinate: The coordinates of the capture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service. recapture date: date of recapture recapture location: description of recapture location x y coordinate: The coordinates of the recapture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.   S3 Table. Mark and recapture data from the recent dataset.   Same dataset as the historical set, but now including age (see definition used in S1)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Data from: Andriollo T., Gillet F., Michaux J.R., Ruedi M. (2019). The menu varies with metabarcoding practices: A case study with the bat Plecotus auritus. PLoS ONE 14(7)

Supporting data for: Andriollo T., Gillet F., Michaux J.R., Ruedi M. (2019). The menu varies with metabarcoding practices: a case study with the bat Plecotus auritus. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0219135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219135 Raw DNA sequences of prey of Plecotus auritus. Sampling information separated by semicolums as folows: >Sequence number; Colony; Date; Sample name; Dataset; Is the sequence attributable to the diet or not (Diet); Read numbers (Size); DNA sequence

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Temporal study of Santa Cruz Mountain bats using environmental DNA and acoustic data

Data and R scripts for a study of niche partitioning in a bat community in California's Santa Cruz Mountains using environmental DNA and bioacoustic data collected over a roosting season. Associated with the publication "Temporal study of environmental DNA and acoustic data reveals coexistence of sympatric bat species in a North American ecosystem" in Environmental DNA.