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24 results for “Behavior: antipredator”
Data from: Asymmetrical predation intensity produces divergent antipredator behaviors in primary and secondary prey
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Antipredator behaviors in urban settings: Ecological experimentation powered by citizen science
<p><span>1. Animal behaviors are often modified in urban settings due to changes in species assemblages and interactions. The ability of prey to respond to a predator is a critical behavior, but </span><span>urban populations may experience altered predation pressure, food supplementation, and other human-mediated disturbances that modify their responsiveness to predation risk and promote habituation.</span></p> <p><span>2. Citizen-science programs generally focus on the collection and analysis of observational data (e.g., bird checklists), but there has been increasing interest in the engagement of citizen scientists for ecological experimentation.</span></p> <p><span>3. Our goal was to implement a behavioral experiment in which citizen scientists recorded antipredator behaviors in wild birds occupying urban areas. In North America, increasing populations of Accipiter hawks have colonized suburban and urban areas and regularly prey upon birds that frequent backyard bird feeders. This scenario, of an increasingly common avian predator hunting birds near human dwellings, offers a unique opportunity to characterize antipredator behaviors within urban passerines. </span></p> <p><span>4. For two winters, we engaged citizen scientists in Chicago, IL, USA to deploy a playback experiment and record antipredator behaviors in backyard birds. If backyard birds maintained their antipredator behaviors, we hypothesized that birds would decrease foraging behaviors and increase vigilance in response to a predator cue (hawk playback) but that these responses would be mediated by flock size, presence of sentinel species, body size, tree cover, and amount of surrounding urban area. </span></p> <p><span>5. Using a randomized control–treatment design, citizen scientists at 15 sites recorded behaviors from 3,891 individual birds representing 22 species. Birds were more vigilant and foraged less during the playback of a hawk call, and these responses were strongest for individuals within larger flocks and weakest in larger-bodied birds. We did not find effects of sentinel species, tree cover, or urbanization. </span></p> <p><span>6. By deploying a behavioral experiment, we found that backyard birds inhabiting urban landscapes largely maintained antipredator behaviors of increased vigilance and decreased foraging in response to predator cues. Experimentation in citizen science poses challenges (e.g., observation bias, sample size limitations, reduced complexity in protocol design), but unlike programs focused solely on observational data, experimentation allows researchers to disentangle the complex factors underlying animal behavior and species interactions. </span></p>
Effects of human and non-human predation risk on antipredator movement behaviors of an upland game bird
<p>Predators can elicit antipredator behaviors in prey such as proactive and reactive movements, but both are rarely investigated simultaneously. Impacts of human predation risk on antipredator behaviors can potentially be greater than non-human predators, resulting in increased effects on populations and community structure. Therefore, we compared the influence of human and non-human predation risk on proactive and reactive antipredator movement behaviors of a commonly harvested game bird, male Eastern wild turkeys (<em>Meleagris</em> <em>gallopavo</em>, hereafter turkey). We used simultaneously collected GPS locations from 31 turkeys and 36 coyotes (<em>Canis</em> <em>latrans</em>) to investigate antipredator behavior of turkeys to coyotes. To assess antipredator behaviors by turkeys to hunters, we used 1,661 hunting tracks collected while monitoring 109 turkeys. Specifically, for proactive movements, we quantified how predation risk influenced resource selection. To investigate reactive movements, we quantified changes in movement behavior of turkeys after encountering hunters and coyotes. Coyotes and turkeys were sympatric on the landscape as home range overlap was high, but lack of core area overlap, encounters, and similar resource selection suggested use of different areas on the landscape. Turkeys selected areas associated with decreased coyote risk and closer to hardwoods. Coyotes preferred shrubs and open areas, suggesting turkeys avoided coyote risk and the habitats coyotes preferred. We detected 17 coyote and turkey contacts, and probability of a contact decreased by 16.6% for every 100m farther from a forest edge. Turkeys did not display reactive movement behaviors after a direct encounter with coyotes, as step lengths were similar prior and after encounters, which did not differ from random step lengths. After the onset of hunting, turkeys selected to be farther away from public access points and closer to private property, suggesting proactive avoidance of areas associated with increased hunter predation risk. We detected 31 hunter and turkey contacts, step lengths after hunter contacts were approximately double compared to random step lengths. The probability of a hunter-turkey contact decreased by 5.5% for every 100m farther from a secondary road. Collectively, antipredator movement behaviors by turkeys suggest coyote risk to be low over a broad temporal window as we only documented proactive movement behaviors. Conversely, hunter risk is high for a short temporal window while hunting is occurring, as we documented both proactive and reactive movement behavior responses. Overall, we provide insight into how human-induced fear can cause antipredator behavioral responses greater than non-human fear, potentially causing changes in species distribution and community structure.</p>
Data from: Neighbor density and post-contact immobility duration as antipredator behavior: Antlion larvae do not fit the selfish prey hypothesis
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Data from: Food-safety trade-offs drive dynamic behavioral antipredator responses among snowshoe hares
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Antipredator behaviors in urban settings: Ecological experimentation powered by citizen science
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Effects of human and non-human predation risk on antipredator movement behaviors of an upland game bird
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Data from: Resource levels and prey state influence antipredator behavior and the strength of nonconsumptive predator effects
The risk of predation can drive trophic cascades by causing prey to engage in antipredator behavior (e.g. reduced feeding), but these behaviors can be energetically costly for prey. The effects of predation risk on prey (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) and emergent indirect effects on basal resources should therefore depend on the ecological context (e.g. resource abundance, prey state) in which prey manage growth/predation risk tradeoffs. Despite an abundance of behavioral research and theory examining state-dependent responses to risk, there is a lack of empirical data on state-dependent NCEs and their impact on community-level processes. We used a rocky intertidal food chain to test model predictions for how resources levels and prey state (age/size) shape the magnitude of NCEs. Risk cues from predatory crabs (Carcinus maenas) caused juvenile and sub-adult snails (Nucella lapillus) to increase their use of refuge habitats and decrease their growth and per capita foraging rates on barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides). Increasing resource levels (high barnacle density) and prey state (sub-adults) enhanced the strength of NCEs. Our results support predictions that NCEs will be stronger in resource-rich systems that enhance prey state and suggest that the demographic composition of prey populations will influence the role of NCEs in trophic cascades. Contrary to theory, however, we found that resources and prey state had little to no effect on snails in the presence of predation risk. Rather, increases in NCE strength arose because of the strong positive effects of resources and prey state on prey foraging rates in the absence of risk. Hence, a common approach to estimating NCE strength – integrating measurements of prey traits with and without predation risk into a single metric – may mask the underlying mechanisms driving variation in the strength and relative importance of NCEs in ecological communities.
Data from: Evolution of antipredator behavior in an island lizard species, Podarcis erhardii (Reptilia: Lacertidae): the sum of all fears?
Organisms generally have many defenses against predation yet may lack effective defenses if from populations without predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that 'costly' antipredator behaviors will be selected against when predation risk diminishes. We examined antipredator behaviors in Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, across an archipelago of land-bridge islands that vary in predator diversity and period of isolation. We examined two defenses, flight initiation distance and tail autotomy. Flight initiation distance generally decreased with declining predator diversity. All predator types had distinctive effects on flight initiation distance with mammals and birds having the largest estimated effects. Rates of autotomy observed in the field were highest on predator-free islands yet laboratory-induced autotomy increased linearly with overall predator diversity. Against expectation from previous work, tail autotomy was not explained solely by the presence of vipers. Analyses of populations directly isolated from rich predator communities revealed that flight initiation distance decreased with increased duration of isolation in addition to the effects of current predator diversity, whereas tail autotomy could be explained simply by current predator diversity. Although selection against costly defenses should depend on time with reduced threats, different defenses may diminish along different trajectories even within the same predator-prey system.
Data for: Multiple antipredator behaviors in red-tailed monkeys reveal spatially distinct landscapes of fear
<p>Foraging opportunity and predation risk act as opposing influences on an animal's habitat use. "Landscapes of fear" (LOF), whereby one predicts the spatial distribution of predators or perceived predator presence using prey responses, are an important tool for modeling this conflict. LOF models examining perceived predation risk are often generated using a single behavioral metric, even though individuals can respond to predation pressure with multiple potential behaviors. Here, we expanded traditional LOF approaches by measuring three antipredator behaviors in wild red-tailed monkeys (<em>Cercopithecus ascanius</em>): aggregation, alarm calling, and vigilance. We predicted that each behavior would reveal spatially explicit regions of high risk, as each behavior may attend to different aspects of perceived predation risk. The use of different behaviors may depend upon factors such as vegetation type, age/sex class of an individual, and which other antipredator behaviors are being exhibited by group members. We collected data on two troops of monkeys in the Issa Valley, Tanzania for over 19 months and conducted 3,189 group follows. We found that vegetation type varied in its effect on antipredator behavior. Monkeys conducted more antipredator behavior in more open vegetation types compared to more closed, riparian forests. The LOF models generated for each behavior mapped distinct and predominantly non-overlapping spatial regions of perceived predation risk, which was replicated across the two groups. This suggested that monkeys responded differently across their home range to specific perceived risks. Such spatially explicit behavior may indicate vegetation-specific predation risk or unique trade-offs in antipredator behavior throughout a heterogenous habitat.</p>
FIG. 4 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 4. Relationships of snout–vent length (SVL) and body condition index (BCI) category with the neck butt (NB) frequency of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Each point represents individual data of snakes in poor condition (triangle, BCI <-0.145), average condition (circle, -0.145 <BCI <0.145, and good condition (cross, BCI Ž 0.145). Solid, short-dashed, and long-dashed lines represent regression lines for poor-condition, averagecondition, and good-condition snakes, respectively. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients and darker shading shows areas of overlap between the BCI categories. There was a significant correlation of SVL (P <0.001) and BCI category (P <0.01) with NB frequency.
FIG. 1 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 1. Box plots of the frequency of antipredator behaviors exhibited by Rhabdophis subminiatus in response to 20 predatory stimuli. Medians are shown by horizontal lines. Top and bottom of boxes are the 75th and 25th quartiles, respectively. Ends of vertical line are the farthest points not exceeding 1.5 times the distance between the quartiles, and dots are more extreme values. BF: body flatten; NF: neck flatten; JK: jerk; NB: neck butt; FL: flee; IM: immobile; ST: strike; NA: neck arch.
FIG. 2 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 2. Relationships between snout–vent length (SVL), sex, and frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Solid and dashed lines represent regression lines for males and females, respectively. Each point shows individual data for males (circles) and females (crosses). Significant correlations (P <0.05) with SVL were observed in NB, NF, NA, and JK, which have shaded areas representing 95% confidence intervals of regression coefficients. Darker shading shows areas of overlap between the sexes. Only FL showed a significant effect of sex, and regression lines are shown only for significant correlations.
FIG. 3 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 3. Relationship between body condition index (BCI) and the frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. A significant correlation (P <0.05) was observed only for the relationship between BCI and NB frequency, for which regression lines are shown. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients.
Data from: Resource levels and prey state influence antipredator behavior and the strength of nonconsumptive predator effects
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Data from: Evolution of antipredator behavior in an island lizard species, Podarcis erhardii (Reptilia: Lacertidae): the sum of all fears?
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for: Multiple antipredator behaviors in red-tailed monkeys reveal spatially distinct landscapes of fear
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Past agricultural land use affects multiple facets of ungulate antipredator behavior
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Context-dependent antipredator behavior in spotted lanternfly nymphs: Effects of development, microhabitat, and social environment
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Data from: Alarm calls of a cooperative bird are referential and elicit context-specific antipredator behavior
Although functionally referential signals have been extensively studied, largely in mammals (e.g., nonhuman primates, see Cheney and Seyfarth (1988); mongooses, see Manser et al. (2002); and other ground-dwelling species, see Blumstein and Armitage (1997), other social taxa such as birds would similarly benefit from the use of referential signals. We therefore investigated alarm calling in the cooperative noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), a species that has been anecdotally recorded producing aerial alarms to flying predators and empirically recorded generating terrestrial alarms to ground-based threats. For these signals to be truly referential however, they must meet 3 criteria. First, calls must be structurally distinct, a requirement that these 2 call types meet. Second, calls must be stimulus-specific and reliably associated with a given stimulus. We tested this on free-living birds by exposing them to a simulated aerial predator that was either in flight or subsequently perched and thus presented one of the first studies on functionally referential alarm systems where both aerial and terrestrial alarm calls have been tested. Miners only produced aerial alarms while the stimulus was in flight, switching to terrestrial alarms once it landed. Third, referential signals must elicit different escape responses that are "appropriate" to the associated threat. Under field conditions, aerial alarm playback alone provoked an almost instantaneous response of fleeing to vegetation cover, whereas terrestrial alarm playback elicited significantly slower responses by receivers and an increase in scanning behavior. During laboratory experiments, aerial alarms stimulated birds to spend more time looking upwards, whereas terrestrial alarm calls stimulated individuals to scan perpendicularly, as expected if these stimuli provided information on likely predator location. Although other avian taxa have been shown to use referential alarm signals, this system provides novel evidence of referential calls based on the behavior rather than the type of predator, providing a highly adaptive means of communicating risk to other members of the social group in this cooperative species.
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