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113 results for “Behavior: evolution”
Evolution of left-right asymmetry in the sensory system and foraging behavior during adaptation to food-sparse cave environments
<p>Laterality in relation to behavior and sensory systems is found commonly in a variety of animal taxa. Despite the advantages conferred by laterality (e.g., the startle response and complex motor activities), little is known about the evolution of laterality and its plasticity in response to ecological demands. In the present study, a comparative study model, the Mexican tetra (<em>Astyanax mexicanus</em>), composed of two morphotypes, i.e., riverine surface fish and cave-dwelling cavefish, was used to address the relationship between environment and laterality. The use of a machine learning-based fish posture detection system and sensory ablation revealed that the left cranial lateral line significantly supports one type of foraging behavior, i.e., vibration attraction behavior, in one cave population. Additionally, left-right asymmetric approaches toward a vibrating rod became symmetrical after fasting in one cave population but not in the other populations. Based on these findings, we propose a model explaining how the observed sensory laterality and behavioral shift could help adaptation in terms of the tradeoff in energy gain and loss during foraging according to differences in food availability among caves.</p> <p>This repository contains all of raw videos used in this study.</p> <p>Please let us know if you have any question on these videos</p>
Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
<p>The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.</p>
Data from: Mating environments mediate the evolution of behavioral isolation during ecological speciation
<p>The evolution of behavioral isolation is often the first step towards speciation. While past studies show that behavioral isolation will sometimes evolve as a by-product of divergent ecological selection, we lack a more nuanced understanding of factors that may promote or hamper its evolution. The environment in which mating occurs may be important in mediating whether behavioral isolation evolves for two reasons. Ecological speciation could occur as a direct outcome of different sexual interactions being favored in different mating environments. Alternatively, mating environments may vary in the constraint they impose on traits underlying mating interactions, such that populations evolving in a 'constraining' mating environment would be less likely to evolve behavioral isolation than populations evolving in a less constraining mating environment. In the latter, mating environment is not the direct cause of behavioral isolation but rather permits its evolution only if other drivers are present. We test these ideas with a set of 28 experimental fly populations, each of which evolved under one of two mating environments and one of two larval environments. Counter to the prediction of ecological speciation by mating environment, behavioral isolation was not maximal between populations evolved in different mating environments. Nonetheless, mating environment was an important factor as behavioral isolation evolved among populations from one mating environment but not among populations from the other. Though one mating environment was conducive to the evolution of behavioral isolation, it was not sufficient: assortative mating only evolved between populations adapting to different larval environments within that mating environment, indicating a role for ecological speciation. Intriguingly, the mating environment that promoted behavioral isolation is characterized by less sexual conflict compared to the other mating environment. Our results suggest that mating environments plays a key role in mediating ecological speciation via other axes of divergent selection.</p>
Evolution of a mosquito's hatching behavior to match its human-provided habitat
<p>A subspecies of the yellow fever mosquito, <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, has recently evolved to specialize in biting and living alongside humans. It prefers human odor and breeds in human-provided artificial containers rather than the forest tree holes of its ancestors. Here, we report one way this human specialist has adapted to the distinct ecology of human environments. While eggs of the ancestral subspecies rarely hatch in pure water, those of the derived human-specialist do so readily. We trace this novel behavior to a shift in how eggs respond to dissolved oxygen, low levels of which may signal food abundance. Moreover, we show that while tree holes are consistently low in dissolved oxygen, artificial containers often have much higher levels. There is thus a concordance between the hatching behavior of each subspecies and the aquatic habitat it uses in the wild. We find this behavioral variation is heritable, with both maternal and zygotic effects. The zygotic effect depends on dissolved oxygen concentration (i.e., GxE), pointing to potential changes in oxygen-sensitive circuits. Together, our results suggest that a shift in hatching response contributed to the pernicious success of this human-specialist mosquito and illustrate how animals may rapidly adapt to human-driven changes in the environment.</p>
The theory of planned behavior and the prediction of pre-service biology teachers' intention to teach evolution
<p>We developed the project to identify and analyze variables that promote or hinder prospective biology teachers’ intentions to teach evolution. We adopted the model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We extended it to include additional variables described by teacher education research as key determinants of behavioral intention to teach evolution. We initially hypothesized that attitudes toward teaching evolution, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, personal religious beliefs, perceived usefulness, and knowledge about evolution would determine a person’s behavioral intentions. To test the hypotheses, we developed an online questionnaire and conducted a quantitative cross-sectional survey in the field of teacher education. The data included information on <em>N</em> = 309 participants. Because we initially analyzed the data using a two-stage structural equation model (SEM), we uploaded two data files that were created in subprocesses of our original analyses (for more information, see the original publication). The dataset “data3” contains 77 variables and has missing values. Since we wanted to use complete data for the SEM, we trimmed the data set “data3” to include only the 67 variables necessary for the SEM, then applied an expectation-maximum (EM) algorithm with multiple imputations, and obtained the data set “data4”. </p>
Data and Source codes: Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior
<p>This repository provides access to the tracking data and analysis code used for the manuscript:</p> <p>Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior</p> <p>by Nobuaki Mizumoto<sup>1</sup>, Thomas Bourguignon<sup>1</sup>, and Nathan W. Bailey<sup>2</sup></p> <p><sup>1</sup> Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan <br /><br> <sup>2</sup> School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K. <br /></p> <p>published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.</p>
Mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of extruded AZ31 bar under combined stress states
<p>the raw data of mechanical behavior and pole figures of extruded AZ31 bar under combined stress states</p>
Figure 16 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 16. Cremnomegachile dolichosoma (Benoist), new combination. A. Facial view of female. B. Detail of female mesoscutum. C. Female metasoma in dorsal view. D. Lateral view of female. E. Male terminal terga. F. Lateral view of male.
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A. Female of Afroheriades hyalinus Griswold & Gonzalez in lateral view. B. Male terminal terga of Pseudoheriades moricei (Friese). C, D. Female of Ochreriades fasciatus (Friese) in dorsal and lateral views. E. Male terminal terga of O. fasciatus.
Figure 12 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 12. Parsimony reconstruction of the two types of interdental laminae of the leaf-cutter bee mandible. We used the tree topology obtained from the total-evidence analysis of the full data set (122 taxa) to visualize character states on the clade of leaf-cutter bees. All photographs are outer views of the mandibles, except for the second from top to bottom, which is an inner view of the mandible below. Odontogenic lamina highlighted in green and ctenogenic lamina in pink.
Figure 11 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 11. Total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilini from the analysis of the full morphological data matrix (122 taxa). Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 8 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of 30 parsimonious trees obtained under equal weighting. Numbers above nodes are standard bootstrap values, numbers below nodes are absolute Bremer values. Branches without numbers indicate bootstrap values below 50% and Bremer values of 1. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Species within boxes of the same color correspond to the same subgenus of Megachile Latreille s.l. following Michener's (2007) classification. The colored column after the species names indicates approximate number of species per subgenus. Half-colored boxes without a number correspond to species that did not cluster with the other species of the same subgenus included in the analysis. Species richness taken from Michener (2007), Moure et al. (2007), and Ascher & Pickering (2018). Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 9 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 9. Preferred total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilidae. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node.
Figure 6 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 6. Examples of the types of setae found on the male S4–S6 of Megachile Latreille s.l. A. Branched, unmodified, S4, Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. B. Acuminate, S4, M. (Megachile) centuncularis (Linnaeus). C. Acuminate, S6, M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi). D. Fan-shaped, S6, M. (Chelostomoides) exilis Cresson. E. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith). F. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Xanthosarus) fortis Cresson.
Figure 4 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 4. Some female morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A, B. Lateral view of axilla. C. Dorsal view of mesoscutellum and metanotum. D, E. Outer view of apex of mesotibia. F–I. Pretarsal claws. Megachile (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith (A); M. (Stenomegachile) dolichosoma Benoist (B, C); M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith) (D); M. (Megachiloides) pascoensis Mitchell (E); Dioxys productus (Cresson) (F); M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (G); M. (Hackeriapis) ferox Smith (H); M. (Schizomegachile) monstrosa Smith (I).
Figure 1 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 1. Species richness of currently recognized genera in the bee tribe Megachilini. A. Dorsal habitus of a female of Coelioxys sp. B. Lateral habitus of a female of Noteriades spinosus Griswold & Gonzalez. C. Male of Megachile (Zonomegachile) kalina Gonzalez, Griswold, & Engel on top of a brood cell built with leaf pieces. D. Facial habitus of leaf-cutter M. (Eutricharaea) minutissima Radoszkowski (left) and dauber bee M. (Callomegachile) pluto (Smith) (right). E. Outer surface of the female mandible of M. (Leptorachis) laeta Smith, a leaf-cutter bee, showing interdental lamina in pink. F. Dorsal habitus of M. (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell. G. Dorsal views of M. (E.) minutissima (upper left) and M. (C.) pluto (right). Photographs are not at the same scale, except for the large and small species compared in figures D and G.
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a sampling of the morphological diversity among the female mandible of leaf-cutter bees. A. Leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) from Lesvos, Greece. B. Fossil leaf cut (Fabaceae) from Eckfeld Maar, Germany (~43 Ma). C–J. Outer view of the mandible showing interdental laminae in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). C. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky. D. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. E. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. F. M. (Zonomegachile) sp. G. M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith. H. M. (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith. I. M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. J. M. (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson. Abbreviations: Mt = mandibular tooth.
Figure 13 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 13. Female mandible of leaf-cutter ants and extinct Baltic amber megachilids. A–C. Right mandible of leaf-cutter ant (Formicidae: Attini: Atta sp.) in frontal, lateral, and inner views, respectively. Arrow points to the lower margin. D–G. Synchrotron-radiation µCT scan of Glyptapis sp. (Glyptapini) from Eocene Baltic amber; facial view of the head and right mandible in outer, superior, and inner views, respectively [note that the scan resolution could not resolve the finest setae, such as those of the compound eyes which are present in this specimen as in all species of Glyptapis Cockerell (Engel, 2001)].
Figure 3 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 3. Female mandible of Megachile Latreille s.l. in outer (A, E, G), frontal (D), and inner views (B, C, F, H). A. Megachile (Callomegachile) pluto Smith. B. M. (Callomegachile) sp. C–E. M. (Chelostomoda) spissula Cockerell. F. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. G. M. (Creightonella) frontalis (Fabricius). H. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. Interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). Abbreviations: CR = corono-radicular ridge; AP = adductor apical ridge.
Figure 5 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 5. Some male morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A–C. Ventral projection of mandible. D–F. Dorsal (left half) and ventral (right half) views of sixth tergum. G–I. Dorsal view of seventh tergum. J. Ventral view of sixth sternum. K–M. Ventral view of eighth sternum. N–P. Dorsal view of genital capsule. Q, R. Profile view of genital capsule. S. Apex of penis valves. Taxa: Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (A, L); M. (Callomegachile) biseta Vachal (B); M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa Guérin-Méneville (C); M. (Argyropile) longuisetosa Gonzalez & Griswold (D, G); M. (Grosapis) cockerelli (E, H, R); M. (Creightonella) cognata Smith (F, I); M. (Zonomegachile) moderata Smith (J, K); M. (Largella) donbakeri Gonzalez & Engel (M); M. (Austromegachile) montezuma Cresson (N); M. (M.) centuncularis (Linnaeus) (O); M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith (P); M. (Chalicodoma) parietina (Geoffroy) (Q); M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi) (S).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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