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68 results for “Behavioral defenses”
Heterogeneous Habenular Neuronal Ensembles during Selection of Defensive Behaviors
<p>Optimal selection of threat-driven defensive behaviors is paramount to an animal's survival. The lateral habenula (LHb) is a key neuronal hub coordinating behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Yet, how individual LHb neurons represent defensive behaviors in response to threats remains unknown. Here, we show that in mice, a visual threat promotes distinct defensive behaviors, namely runaway (escape) and action-locking (immobile-like). Fiber photometry of bulk LHb neuronal activity in behaving animals reveals an increase and a decrease in calcium signal time-locked with runaway and action-locking, respectively. Imaging single-cell calcium dynamics across distinct threat-driven behaviors identify independently active LHb neuronal clusters. These clusters participate during specific time epochs of defensive behaviors. Decoding analysis of this neuronal activity reveals that some LHb clusters either predict the upcoming selection of the defensive action or represent the selected action. Thus, heterogeneous neuronal clusters in LHb predict or reflect the selection of distinct threat-driven defensive behaviors.</p>
Individual capture history affects site use and defensive behavior of foraging eastern copperheads at a recreational site in eastern Kentucky, 2022
This package contains behavioral, demographic, and environmental data from a study investigating the role individual capture history plays in shaping foraging and defensive behaviors of eastern copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) at a ~0.1 hectare recreational site in the Daniel Boone National Forest, Wolfe county, Kentucky. Behavioral data was collected using a four-stage trial simulating in-situ encounters between humans and vipers, where each stage is scored on a 0-3 scale according to the most extreme behavior exhibited. Each individual's total score was the sum of scores in Stages 1-4. Snakes were located via nightly visual surveys of the site during copperheads' active season. Each copperhead was caught after the conclusion of its' behavioral trial, and demographic information including sex, mass, snout-vent length, and total length were recorded. For snakes that had been detected and tagged at this site previous, PIT tag ID and number of years the individual was previously recaptured were also recorded. Air temperature, relative humidity, and soil temperature at a depth of 3 cm were recorded. Within our study system, result suggest that copperheads' defensive response to human approach is best explained by individual capture history, as opposed to temperature or body size.
FIG. 1 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 1. — Variations in characters used to distinguish Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Panoploscelis angusticauda Beier 1950 n. syn. females. The speci- mens pictured are breed from samples collected in Mitaraka (F1 and F2 generations). The frequent-most condition is represented in the left panels (A, E, J). Specimens from Mitaraka display variations in: A-D, the number of tubercle-bearing veins; E-I, the shape of ovipositor in side view (holotype of P. angusticauda display the same shape of ovipositor as illustrated in F); J-N, the shape of epiproct hind margin (male juvenile holotype of P. scudderi display the same shape of epiproct hind margin as illustrated in N; in P. angusticauda, the hind margin is somehow as in K). Scale bars: 10 mm.
Data from: Defensive fruit metabolites obstruct seed dispersal by altering bat behavior and physiology at multiple temporal scales.
<p>These data support the publication "Defensive fruit metabolites obstruct seed dispersal by altering bat behavior and physiology at multiple temporal scales".</p>
Fig. 1 in Defensive warning behavior expressed by three species of polistine wasps
Fig. 1. Diagram of foraging area, nest yard, and sting threshold point. Foraging territory is the area surrounding the nest in which colony workers scout for and obtain their prey, paper, and other resources. Outside the nest yard, they remain non-defensive unless they are subjected to personal threat. The nest yard includes the area around the nest but outside of the sting threshold point in which warning behaviors are expressed. An intruder who approaches the nest in the area within the sting threshold point is likely to experience stinging behavior.
Fig. 2 in Defensive warning behavior expressed by three species of polistine wasps
Fig. 2. Flow chart of defensive behavior expressed by polistine wasp workers toward vertebrate intrusion, as determined in this research and other investigations (Hermann 2017; Hermann & Dirks 1974). As initial lines of defense, aposematic coloration and pattern, along with nest location, offer some degree of colony protection. Once an intruder enters the nest yard, warning expressions are displayed by workers. Size of the nest yard and the stinging threshold point generally are species specific. Following the initial pretarsal twitching and the more obvious antennal raising and wing spreading, a wide array of defensive expressions ensue, terminating in stinging flights. There also are some interspecific differences in the display of certain warning expressions, as discussed in the text.
Fig. 9 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 9. Dipsas oreas (Cope). A typically banded specimen from northern Peru (ANSP 31778). The snake is in a defensive posture (see under Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini).
Fig. 17 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 17. Defensive behavior of Sibon argus (AMNH 115927) from 600 m on the continental divide north of El Cope´, Cocle´, Panama. Top: The head is widened when mildly disturbed. Bottom: When further harassed, the snake coiled its body into a symmetrically raised spring, keeping its head hidden in the center.
Fig. 21 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 21. The final stage of defensive behavior in Dipsas nicholsi—a raised coil narrowest at the top, with the head exposed. Over a period of several days, this snake consistently coiled in the same direction (counterclockwise following the coils from above). See figure 1 for another view of the same specimen.
Fig. 5 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 5. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn) from Madden Forest, central Panama. Left: KU 110311 in dorsal and ventral view. Right: KU 110312, above; KU 110313, below.
Fig. 1 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 1. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn), a snaileater endemic to central Panama. Top: A specimen (not collected) photographed in 1974 in the Madden Forest Preserve, by Harry W. Greene. Bottom: Another specimen from Madden Forest, this one in a final stage of defense posturing (see figs. 20–21), photographed in 1966 by C.W. Myers.
Fig. 3 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 3. Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). Representative specimens in dorsal and ventral view. Left: D. v. variegata from Rancho Grande, Venezuela (FMNH 204479, 468 mm SVL). Right: D. v. trinitatis from near Asa Wright Nature Center, Trinidad (FMNH 217217, 419 mm SVL).
Fig. 13 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 13. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger) in dorsal and ventral view. Left: Specimen from Bolívar Province, Ecuador (KU 132503). Right: Specimen from Pichincha province, Ecuador (MCZ 166543).
Fig. 2 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 2. Variation in dorsal head patterns of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). From top to bottom: AMNH 111075 (Bolívar, Venezuela), AMNH 137584 (Trinidad), AMNH 21275 (Guyana), AMNH 114769 (Bolívar, Venezuela). The cephalic color pattern of Dipsas variegata, which varies from indistinct to blotched, lacks the distinctive Πshaped marking that characterizes D. nicholsi and D. andiana (cf. figs. 4, 8).
Fig. 15 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 15. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). A specimen of unknown locality (AMNH 79013) with an atypical head pattern. See text.
Fig. 19 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 19. Complex defensive behavior in Sibynomorphus mikanii. Top: The head is raised and widened, and the body is inflated, especially obvious at the widened neck (which approaches the dorsoventral hood formation of some snakes). Middle: After continued provoking, the snake has deflated the body and arranged itself into a loose asymmetrical coil or ball, with its head hidden. Bottom: An alternative coil at another time, with the head almost hidden.
Fig. 20 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 20. Initial stages in the defensive coiling of Dipsas nicholsi (KU 110313). Top: Beginning formation of an anterior coil (stage 1). Bottom: Anterior coil complete, posterior coil initiated (stage 2). See text for behavioral sequence in which stage 2 above is replaced by abrupt whipping motions while retaining the forward coil. See figure 21 for stage 3, in which the snake has gathered itself into a single coil.
Fig. 16 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 16. Head widening (triangulation)—the temporary acquisition of triangular head shape by spreading the jaw articulations—a common defensive trait among the Dipsadini and some other snakes. This behavior can also be seen in figures 9 and 17–19. Top: Dipsas viguieri from lowland Madden Forest, central Panama (KU 110317). Bottom: Dipsas temporalis from cloud forest on ridge between Río Jaqué and Río Imamadó, 800– 890 m, Darién, Panama (specimen one of KU 110294–110297).
Fig. 12 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 12. Comparison of head shapes and color patterns in Dipsas andiana and Dipsas oreas at equivalent magnifications. Top: D. andiana (KU 132503, 622 mm total length). Bottom: D. oreas (KU 142803, 629 mm total length). Dipsas andiana has a stereotypical Πshaped pattern on the dorsal surface and is relatively unmarked otherwise, whereas D. oreas has irregularly and heavily pigmented dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head. Dipsas oreas also has angular canthal and supratemporal regions and a relatively longer postorbital region than does D. andiana.
Fig. 18 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 18. Defensive behavior of Sibon nebulatus from the Río, Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamado´, 50 m, Darién, Panama (KU 112474). Top: An initial stage with posteriorly widened head. Middle: Passive coil with widened head exposed. Bottom: An alternative coil with head (still widened) concealed.
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