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66 results for “Below ground diversity”
Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile–Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground
<p></p><p>As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile–Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile–Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile–Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile–Peru.</p><p></p>
Novelty and emergent patterns in sperm: morphological diversity and evolution of spermatozoa and sperm conjugation in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
<p>The beetle family Carabidae, with about 40,000 species, exhibits enough diversity in sperm structure and behavior to be an excellent model system for studying patterns and processes of sperm evolution. We explore their potential, documenting<b> </b>sperm form in 177 species of ground beetles using light microscopy and collecting data on 1 qualitative and 7 quantitative sperm phenotypic traits. Our sampling captures 61% of the tribal-level diversity of ground beetles. These data highlight the notable morphological diversity of sperm in ground beetles and suggest that sperm in the group have dynamic evolutionary histories with much morphological innovation and convergence. Sperm vary among species in total length (48–3,400mm), head length (0.5–270mm), and head width (0.2–6.3mm). Most ground beetles make sperm with heads that are indistinct from the flagella at the gross morphological level. However, some or all <i>Omophron</i>,<i>Trachypachus</i>, and Dyschiriini make broad-headed sperm that show morphological differences between species. Most ground beetles package their sperm into groups of sperm, termed conjugates, and ground beetles show variation in conjugate form and in the number and arrangement of sperm in a conjugate. Most ground beetles make sperm conjugates by embedding their sperm in a hyaline rod or spermatostyle. The spermatostyle is remarkably variable among species and varies in length from 17–41,000mm. Several unrelated groups of ground beetles make only singleton sperm, including Nebriinae, Cicindelinae, many Trechinae, and the tribe Paussini. In order to study patterns in sperm evolution, we combine these data with a low-resolution phylogeny of ground beetles. Results from modern comparative analyses suggest the following: sperm differ from conjugates in some aspect of their underlying evolutionary process, sperm have influenced conjugate evolution and vice versa, and conjugation with a spermatostyle likely evolved early within the history of Carabidae and it has been lost independently at least three times.</p>
Data set of dorsal halfed shield outlines of specimens of Meiura, from the publication "Morphological diversity in true and false crabs reveals a common middle ground – the megalopa phase"
<p>Data set, containing all reconstructed shield shapes, all from representatives of Meiura, included in the analysis of the manuscript "Morphological diversity in true and false crabs reveals a common middle ground – the megalopa phase". The data sheet, detailing data origin can be found in the supplementarty material of the publication.</p>
Figure 2 in Generalist ground-nesting bees dominate diversity survey in intensively managed agricultural land
Figure 2. Species richness compared between sampling periods. Dark grey bars: species from the genus Andrena Fabricius (Andrenidae); light grey bars: species from the genera: Halictus Latreille, Lasioglossum Curtis (Halictidae), Osmia Panzer (Megachilidae), and Nomada Scopoli (Apidae); black bars: species from the genus Bombus Latreille (Apidae). Different letters above the dark grey bars indicate a significant statistical difference between sampling periods in total species richness of all sampled genera (F (3, 42) = 20.01, p<0.001).
Figure 1 in Generalist ground-nesting bees dominate diversity survey in intensively managed agricultural land
Figure 1. Total number of bees sampled in this study at the four different sampling periods. Dark grey bars: individuals from the genus Andrena Fabricius (Andrenidae); light grey bars: individuals from the genera: Halictus Latreille, Lasioglossum Curtis (Halictidae), Osmia Panzer (Megachilidae), and Nomada Scopoli (Apidae); black bars: individuals from the genus Bombus Latreille (Apidae). Different letters above the dark grey bars indicate a significant statistical difference between sampling periods in activity-density of individuals from all sampled genera (F (3, 42) = 18.89, p<0.001).
Figure 4 in Spatiotemporal patterns of ground beetle diversity (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Ramsar wetland (Chott Tinsilt) of Algeria
Figure 4. Sample-based rarefaction (solid line) and extrapolation (dashed line) curves of species richness estimated for ground beetle communities living in the halophytic vegetation belts surrounding Chott Tinsilt in northeastern Algeria. White solid circles indicate reference samples. Light gray shaded areas represent lower and upper bounds of 95% confidence intervals for the S. Colored/shaded (est) areas indicate ±SDs.
Figure 3 in Spatiotemporal patterns of ground beetle diversity (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Ramsar wetland (Chott Tinsilt) of Algeria
Figure 3. Values of observed and estimated (Chao1) species richness with standard deviations (±SD) as vertical error bars, of ground beetle community sampled at Chott Tinsilt, northeastern Algeria.
Figure 1 in Spatiotemporal patterns of ground beetle diversity (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Ramsar wetland (Chott Tinsilt) of Algeria
Figure 1. Geographical location of Chott Tinsilt (northeastern Algeria), positioning of sampled stations (T1 and T2), and the layout of experimental design with pitfall traps at each station.
Figure 2 in Spatiotemporal patterns of ground beetle diversity (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Ramsar wetland (Chott Tinsilt) of Algeria
Figure 2. Total number of subfamilies, genera, and species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) for each station (T1 and T2), and for the entire wetland of Chott Tinsilt, northeastern Algeria.
Figure 6 in Diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods on overburden dumps after coal mining
Figure 6. The ratio of beetle families in the study site (with the exception of Carabidae and Staphylinidae).
Brut dataset for Drivers of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities in dominant ground-dwelling arthropods of coastal heathlands
<p>Brut dataset used in Drivers of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities in dominant ground-dwelling arthropods of coastal heathlands.</p>
Novelty and emergent patterns in sperm: morphological diversity and evolution of spermatozoa and sperm conjugation in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
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Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile–Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground
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Data from: The diversity of post-fire regeneration strategies in the cerrado ground layer
<p>1. Disentangling species strategies that confer resilience to natural disturbances is key to conserving and restoring savanna ecosystems. Fire is a recurrent disturbance in savannas, and savanna vegetation is highly adapted to, and often dependent on fire. However, although the woody component of tropical savannas is well studied, we still do not understand how ground-layer plant communities respond to fire, limiting conservation and management actions.</p> <p>2. We investigated the effects of prescribed fire on community structure and composition, and evaluated which traits are involved in plant community regeneration after fire in the cerrado ground layer. We assessed traits related to species persistence and colonization capacity after fire, including resprouter type, underground structure, fire-induced flowering, regeneration strategy and growth form. We searched for functional groups related to response to fire, to shed light on the main strategies of post-fire recovery among species in the ground layer.</p> <p>3. Fire changed ground-layer community structure and composition in the short term, leading to greater plant species richness, population densities, and increasing bare soil, compared with unburned communities. Eight months after fire, species abundance did not differ from pre-disturbance values for 86% of the species, demonstrating the resilience of this layer to fire. Only one ruderal species was disadvantaged by fire and 13% of the species benefited. Rapid recovery of soil cover by native vegetation in burned areas was driven by species with high capacity to resprout and spread vegetatively. Recovery of the savanna ground-layer community, as a whole, resulted from a combination of different species traits. We summarized these traits into five large groups, encompassing key strategies involved in ground layer regeneration after fire.</p> <p>Synthesis: Fire dramatically changes the ground layer of savanna vegetation in the short term, but the system is highly resilient, quickly recovering the pre-fire state. Recovery involves different strategies, which we categorized into five functional groups of plant species: grasses, seeders, bloomers, undergrounders, and resprouters. Knowledge of these diverse strategies should be used as a tool to assess conservation and restoration status of fire-resilient ecosystems in the cerrado.</p>
The data generated or compiled in the study of "Diverse polygonal patterned grounds in the northern Eridania basin, Mars: Possible origins and implications"
<p>The data that we generated or compiled, that is used to make a figure (e.g. geologic maps (Figure 2), mapped ridges (included in Figure 2), tables of measurements underlying the histograms (Figures 10 and 18), crater counts (Figure 12)), are placed in a public data repository outside of the JGR paywall. They have been introduced in the following publication, where more details can be found:</p> <p> </p> <p>Y. Dang, F. Zhang, J. Zhao, J. Wang, Y. Xu, T. Huang, and L. Xiao</p> <p>Diverse Polygonal Patterned Grounds in the Northern Eridania Basin, Mars: Possible Origins and Implications.</p> <p>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2020,125, e2020JE006647. https://<br> doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006647</p> <p> </p> <p>The file format is "Shp" processed in the software ArcGIS 10.6. The detailed description and information can be found in the title of each file below, and also their corresponding figure caption in the paper after it is formally published.</p>
Decoupled responses of above- and below-ground beta-diversity to nitrogen enrichment in a typical steppe
<p>Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, we do not know whether the effects of N on above-ground plant β-diversity are coupled with changes occurring in the soil seed bank. We conducted a long-term N-addition experiment in a typical steppe and found that above-ground β-diversity increased and then decreased with increasing N addition, whereas below-ground β-diversity decreased linearly. This suggests decoupled dynamics of plant communities and their soil seed bank under N enrichment. Species substitution determined above- and below-ground β-diversity change via an increasing role of deterministic processes with N addition. These effects were mostly driven by differential responses of the above-ground vegetation and the soil seed bank β-diversities to N-induced changes in environmental heterogeneity, increased soil inorganic N concentrations and soil acidification. Our findings highlight the importance of considering above- and below-ground processes simultaneously for effectively conserving grassland ecosystems under N enrichment.</p>
Data for functional diversity and habitat preferences of native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates in private gardens along an urbanisation gradient
<p>Urbanisation influences biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, private domestic gardens provide habitats for many species. Challenging conditions in urban gardens may support species possessing certain traits, but exclude other species. Functional diversity is therefore often altered in urban gardens. We surveyed native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates (snails, slugs, spiders, millipedes, woodlice, ants, rove beetles), and compiled data on urbanisation (distance to city centre, percentage of sealed area) and garden characteristics. We furthermore derived data on traits and habitat preferences for the species recorded in the gardens from the literature and own measurements. The survey comprised 35 domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient in the city of Basel, Switzerland and its surroundings.</p>
Figure 4 in Diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods on overburden dumps after coal mining
Figure 4. Dynamic density of ground-dwelling of arthropods in the study site (mean ± SD).
Figure 2A-B in Diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods on overburden dumps after coal mining
Figure 2A-B. Study sites: (A) Kedr1, (B) Kedr2.
Figure 3 in Diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods on overburden dumps after coal mining
Figure 3. The ratio of ground-dwelling arthropods taxa in the study site.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.