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32 results for “Bicyclus”
The yellow gene regulates behavioral plasticity by repressing male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Seasonal plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is due to variation in levels of the steroid hormone 20E (20-hydroxyecdysone) during pupation. Wet season (WS) males have high levels of 20E and become active courters. Dry season (DS) males, have lower levels of 20E and reduced courtship rates, although WS courtship rates can be achieved if DS male pupae are injected with 20E at 30% of pupation. Here we investigated the genes involved in male courtship plasticity and examine whether 20E plays an organizational role in the pupal brain that later influences the sexual behaviour of adults. We show that DS pupal brains have a 7-fold upregulation of the yellow gene relative to the WS and that knocking out yellow leads to increased male courtship. We find that injecting 20E into DS pupa reduced yellow expression although not significantly. Our results show that yellow is a repressor of the neural circuity for male courtship behaviour in B. anynana. 20E levels experienced during pupation could play an organizational role during pupal brain development by regulating yellow expression, however, other factors might also be involved. Our findings are in striking contrast to Drosophila where yellow is required for male courtship.</p>
The yellow gene regulates behavioral plasticity by repressing male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
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Data from: Seasonal plasticity in sympatric <em>Bicyclus</em> butterflies in a tropical forest where temperature does not predict rainfall
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Lack of sibling avoidance during mate selection in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
<p>Species susceptible to inbreeding depression are hypothesized to combat this problem through a number of different mechanisms, including kin recognition. For species with kin recognition, it is unknown if filial recognition is innate or due to prior juvenile experience with siblings. Here, we first test for the presence of kin recognition, and then test these two hypotheses for the development of filial recognition, in the butterfly <em>Bicyclus anynana</em>, a species that suffers from inbreeding depression when forcibly inbred but recovers within a few generations when allowed to breed freely. We evaluate whether the rapid recovery from inbreeding depression is associated with either innate or learned filial recognition. First, we determined whether females innately prefer unrelated males over sibling males using females reared in isolation and then given a choice between an unrelated and a sibling male. Then, we determined if females raised with siblings learned to detect and avoid mating with siblings as adults when provided a choice between an unrelated male and a sibling male. Finally, we determined if females raised with siblings could learn to detect and avoid mating with familiar siblings when given a choice between familiar and unfamiliar siblings. We found that females mated randomly in all three choice combinations. Observed male behavior also did not influence female mating outcome. Our results suggest that adult females do not innately avoid or learn to avoid siblings during mate selection, and that filial detection may not be as critical to reproductive fitness in <em>B. anynana</em> as previously thought.</p>
Behavioral data for: A learning experience elicits sex-dependent neurogenomic responses in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>This is the behavioral data file that corresponds to the behavioral data reported in "A learning experience elicits sex-dependent neurogenomic responses in <em>Bicyclus anyana</em> butterflies" by D.A. Ernst, G.A. Agcaoili, A.N. Merrill, & E. L. Westerman, published in Molecular Ecology. It contains one spreadsheet, with all the behavioral data corresponding to the training, trainer, and naive butterflies utilized in the comparative brain and eye transcriptomics analyses conducted in the manuscript. In our study, we show that male and female <em>B. anynana</em> butterflies exhibit sexually dimorphic gene expression in the brain and eye during a learning event. We further identify genes that were associated with learning independent of sex and show that a number of genes known to influence wing pattern are also differentially expressed in the brain and eye during a mate choice learning event. The sexually dimorphic expression was not the result of baseline differences in activity levels, as males and females exhibited similar amounts of behavior during the training and naive experiences.</p>
Lack of sibling avoidance during mate selection in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
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Behavioral data for: A learning experience elicits sex-dependent neurogenomic responses in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
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Data from: Predation favours Bicyclus anynana butterflies with fewer forewing eyespots
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Data from: Divergent sensory transcriptomic profiles in positive and negative learning in <em>Bicyclus anynana</em> butterflies
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Data from: Footprints of selection in wild populations of Bicyclus anynana along a latitudinal cline
One of the major questions in ecology and evolutionary biology is how variation in the genome enables species to adapt to divergent environments. Here, we study footprints of thermal selection in candidate genes in six wild populations of the afrotropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, sampled along a ~3,000 km latitudinal cline. We sequenced coding regions of 31 selected genes with known functions in metabolism, pigment production, development, and heat shock responses. These include genes for which we expect a priori a role in thermal adaptation and, thus, varying selection pressures along a latitudinal cline, and genes we do not expect to vary clinally and can be used as controls. We identified amino-acid substitution polymorphisms in 13 genes and tested these for clinal variation by correlation analysis of allele frequencies with latitude. In addition, we used two FST-based outlier methods to identify loci with higher population differentiation than expected under neutral evolution, while accounting for potentially confounding effects of population structure and demographic history. Two metabolic enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, UGP and Treh, showed clinal variation. The same loci showed elevated population differentiation and were identified as significant outliers. We found no evidence of clines in the pigmentation genes, heat shock proteins and developmental genes. However, we identified outlier loci in more localized parts of the range in the pigmentation genes yellow and black. We discuss that the observed clinal variation and elevated population divergence in UGP and Treh may reflect adaptation to a geographic thermal gradient.
Transgenerational inheritance of learned preferences for novel host plant odors in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Many phytophagous insects have strong preferences for their host plants, which they recognize via odors, making it unclear how novel host preferences develop in the course of insect diversification. Insects may learn to prefer new host plants via exposure to their odors and pass this learned preference to their offspring. We tested this hypothesis by examining larval odor preferences before and after feeding them with leaves coated with control and novel odors and by examining odor preferences again in their offspring. Larvae of the parental generation developed a preference for two of these odors over their development. These odor preferences were also transmitted to the next generation. Offspring of butterflies fed on these new odors chose these odors more often than offspring of butterflies fed on control leaves. In addition, offspring of butterflies fed on banana odors had a significant naïve preference for the banana odors in contrast to the naïve preference for control leaves shown by individuals of the parental generation. Thus, butterflies can learn to prefer novel host plant odors via exposure to them during larval development and transmit these learned preferences to their offspring. This ability potentially facilitates shifts in host plant use over the course of insect diversification.</p>
FIGURES 30–36 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 30–36. Identification of females from the ignobilis-group. The images are not shown to scale, arrows indicate the main characters of importance for identification. 30. B. rileyi is much larger than any other species and the light markings in the apical patch continue below the eyespot in space 2, and often reach the lower margin of the wing. 31. B. maesseni has the edge of the apical patch more broken up in the area closest to the apical eyespot. Also, vein 4 is heavily marked with darker scales, breaking up the patch along its entire length. 32. B. ignobilis (western part of range) almost always lack the ventral hindwing spot in space 3, the apical patch is also much more solid than in B. maesseni with vein 4 just making a dark indentation in the basal part of the light patch. 33. B. ignobilis (eastern part of range) has vein 4 more heavily darkened so that the apical patch is sometimes fully broken up in sections. This makes them appear similar to B. maesseni, but the latter species is not sympatric in the eastern part of the range of B. ignobilis. The ventral discal band gradually gets a more pronounced edge at the end of the cell on both wings in a clinal fashion towards the east of the species range. 34. In B. ottossoni the basal part of the apical patch lacks indentations of dark scales along vein 4. The outer borders of the patch are much better defined than in the other species. The distal margin of the forewing is also much less convex, giving the wing a more squared shape. 35. B. vandeweghei have much more prominent light shading around the hindwing eyespots. The apical patch is otherwise similar to B. ignobilis. 36. B. brakefieldi have a more yellowish colour in the apical patch, and the part of the patch being placed basally of the eyespot is a bit fainter than in other species.
FIGURES 27–29 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 27–29. Distribution maps for the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group. Records of different species from the same site have been slightly offset when presented in the same map so that all species symbols can be clearly seen. Multiple records close to each other have been collapsed to a single point. The complete distributional data is available in Supplementary Table 1. 27– 28. B. ignobilis (Open Squares) and B. maesseni (Open Crosses). 27. West Africa up to the Cameroonian border. 28. Cameroonian border and eastwards. 29. Remaining species occurring between Nigeria and Eastern DRC: B. brakefieldi (Filled Circles). B. ottossoni (Filled Crosses). B. rileyi (Open Circles). B. vandeweghei (Filled Diamonds).
FIGURES 23–26 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 23–26. Bicyclus vandeweghei Brattström sp. nov. 23. Male holotype, Gabon (OB–ABRI–0068). 24. Female paratype, Republic of Congo (OB–ABRI–0143). 25. Male holotype genitalia, Gabon (OB–ABRI–0068). 26. Androconial structures (OB–– ABRI–0068): There is a small inconspicuous brush (encircled in white) in the basal area of space 1b on the dorsal forewing (also present in B. ottossoni sp. nov.). The anal area is lightly covered in dark brown hairs and vein 1b is only enlarged for a very small part of its length. Only the basal parts of the hindwing cell–brush is visible in this image as it is mainly covered by the forewing.
FIGURES 19–22 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 19–22. Bicyclus ottossoni Brattström sp. nov. 19. Male paratype, Cameroon (OB–ABRI–0077). 20. Female paratype, Cameroon (OB–ABRI–1013). 21. Male paratype genitalia, Cameroon (OB–ABRI–0077). 22. Androconial structures (OB–ABRI–0077). There is a well-defined brush (encircled in white) in the basal area of space 1b on the dorsal forewing (also present in B. vandeweghei sp. nov.). The anal area is partly covered by dense dark brown to black hairs and vein 1b is slightly enlarged from close to its base up to about half of its length. Only the basal part of the hindwing cell-brush is visible as it is mainly covered by the forewing.
FIGURES 15–18 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 15–18. Bicyclus brakefieldi Brattström 2012. 15. Male, DRC (OB–ABRI–0024). 16. Female, DRC (OB–ABRI– 1016). 17. Male genitalia, DRC (OB–ABRI–0093). 18. Androconial structures (ABRI–14– 657): There is no well–defined brush in the basal area of space 1b on the dorsal forewing (present in B. ottossoni sp. nov. and B. vandeweghei sp. nov.). The anal area of the hindwing is covered with dense shiny black hairs and the base colour is also darker in this region. Only the basal parts of the hindwing cell-brush is visible in the image as it is partly covered by the forewing.
FIGURES 2–6 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 2–6. Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler 1870). 2. Male, DRC (OB-VIE-0046) 3. Dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing showing the main morphological differences in the western populations. The shown specimen (OB-IND–0046) is from eastern Nigeria. A female from the western region is shown in Fig. 32. 4. Female, DRC (OB–VIE–0047). 5. Male genitalia, Uganda (OB–ABRI–0092). 6. Androconial structures (OB–ABRI–0092). There is a comb of black hairs (encircled in white) covering an enlarged section of vein 1b on the dorsal hindwing. The cell-brush is clearly visible in the image and there are no forewing androconial structures.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group constructed from Bayesian analysis carried out in BEAST. Node labels show the posterior probability for each node. All the species are recovered as separate units. The split from the outgroup (shown in grey) occurred about 17 million years ago (see main text). The genetic differences between most species in the ignobilis-group are surprisingly large given that the morphological differences within the group are very small when compared to most other Bicyclus species-groups of a similar evolutionary age. The female morphology of B. brakefieldi (KA3030) and B. ottossoni (KA3029) are verified by the phylogeny.
FIGURES 7–10. Bicyclus rileyi Condamin 1961. 7 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 7–10. Bicyclus rileyi Condamin 1961. 7. Male, Cameroon (OB–ABRI–1021). 8. Female, Cameroon (KAP–ABRI– 12–578). 9. Male genitalia, Cameroon (OB–ABRI–0050). 10. Androconial structures (ABRI–14– 657): There is a dark comb of hairs (but no brush like hair-pencil) in the basal area of space 1b on the dorsal forewing (encircled in white). The anal area of the hindwing has a dense cover of dark shiny hairs and scales. The hindwing cell-brush is mainly covered by the forewing so that only the most basal parts are visible.
FIGURES 11–14. Bicyclus maesseni Condamin 1971. 11 in Revision of the Bicyclus ignobilis species-group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 11–14. Bicyclus maesseni Condamin 1971. 11. Male, Ghana (OB–TER–0067). 12. Female, Ghana (ABRI–14–354). 13. Male genitalia, Ghana (OB–TER–0067). 14. Androconial structures (OB–TER–0067): There is a patch of androconial scales in the basal parts of space 1b on the dorsal forewing covered by a loose comb of black hairs (encircled in white). The basal parts of vein 1b on dorsal hindwing are enlarged into a small lightly coloured bulb, and this part of the vein is not covered by any long dark hairs. The enlarged part of the vein is shorter, but wider, than in B. ignobilis and usually very conspicuous (encircled in white). The basal parts of the hindwing cell-brush is also visible in the image.
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