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16 results for “Bilaterians”
FIGURE 1 in Review Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor
FIGURE 1 The fossil records of the earliest sedentary and motile multicellular eukaryotes, metazoans and bilaterians. The first appearance of metazoan and bilaterian phyla (where records are present) is indicated by a genus name, a higher-level taxon acronym, and an age estimation (in millions of years). Several taxa with uncertain attribution are included to show diversity. Note that there is no evidence for active mobility of the muticellular eukaryotes over a very long period of time (see text for references and details). Abbrevations: Act = Acanthocephala; Ann = Annelida; Art = Arthropoda; Bil = Bilateria; Cha = Chaetognatha; Cte = Ctenophora; Cni = Cnidaria; Cho = Chordata; Deu = Deuterostomia; Ech = Echinodermata; Ecd = Ecdysozoa; Enp = Enteropneusta; Ent = Entoprocta; Gna = Gnathifera; Loph = Lophophorata; Lphz = Lophotrochozoa; Met = Metazoa; Mol = Mollusca; Pho = Phoronida; Por = Porifera; Pri = Priapulida; Pte = Pterobranchia; Tun = Tunicata. The controversial motile metazoans without evident bilaterian affinities are indicated by an asterisk. ARTWORK AND DESIGN BY TATIANA KORSHUNOVA
FIGURE 5 in Review Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor
FIGURE 5 Reconstructions of the adult states of the sedentary/semi-sedentary stem groups (indicated by asterisks) with well-defined clonal reproduction in the major bilaterian lineages Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa and the semi-sedentary/motile crown groups with reduced clonality (based on recent or fossil taxa, except for the reconstructed stem-chordata). The drawings and text from bottom to top are meant to illustrate the evolutionary changes along these lineages. The cephalic shield and potential derived structures (foot and mantle, see assessment of the potential homology in the text) are indicated by yellow, the oral lobes indicated by green, the stolon and tail by blue, the protoconch-like structures by violet, and the gut by red. ARTWORK BY TATIANA KORSHUNOVA
Fig. 1 in Acoelomorpha: earliest branching bilaterians or deuterostomes?
Fig. 1 Diverse phylogenetic hypotheses on the Acoelomorpha through time. a Consensus tree of diverse morphological-based studies including acoelomorphs within Platyhelminthes in the protostomes (see text for references). b Tree modified from Haszprunar (1996) showing paraphyletic Platyhelminthes as early diverging bilaterians. c Summary of the first molecular phylogenies with a significative taxon sampling for
Two notorious nodes: A critical examination of relaxed molecular clock age estimates of the bilaterian animals and placental mammals
<p><span>The popularity of relaxed clock Bayesian inference of clade origin timings has generated several recent publications with focal results considerably older than the fossils of the clades in question. Here we critically examine two such clades: the animals (with focus on the bilaterians); and the mammals (with focus on the placentals). Each example displays a set of characteristic pathologies which, although much commented on, are rarely corrected for. We conclude that in neither case does the molecular clock analysis provide any evidence for an origin of the clade deeper than what is suggested by the fossil record. In addition, both these clades have other features (including, in the case of the placental mammals, proximity to a large mass extinction) that allow us to generate precise expectations of the timings of their origins. Thus, in these instances the fossil record can provide a powerful test of molecular clock methodology, and why it goes astray; and we have every reason to think these problems are general. </span></p>
Bryozoan genomes reveal extensive chromosome rearrangement and the evolution of bilaterian genome structure
<p>Orthologous genes are commonly found together on the same chromosome over vast evolutionary distances. This extensive physical gene linkage, known as macrosynteny, can be seen between bilaterian phyla as divergent as Chordata, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Nemertea and likely reflects the importance of genome organization to gene regulatory landscapes. Here, we report a unique pattern of genome evolution in Bryozoa, an understudied phylum of colonial invertebrates. Using comparative genomics, including phylogenetic reconstruction and orthologous gene mapping, we reconstruct the chromosomal evolutionary history of five bryozoans. We infer the ancestral bryozoan genome organization and identify multiple ancient chromosome fusions followed by gene mixing, leading to the near-complete loss of bilaterian linkage groups. A second wave of rearrangements, including chromosome fission, occurred independently in two bryozoan classes, further shuffling bryozoan genomes. We also discover at least five derived chromosomal fusion events shared between bryozoans and brachiopods, supporting the traditional yet highly debated Lophophorata hypothesis. Finally, we show that chromosome fusion and fission processes led to the separation of bryozoan Hox clusters. Our findings demonstrate that the canonical bilaterian genome structure has been lost across an entire phylum, reveal that linkage group fission can occur very frequently in specific lineages, and provide a powerful source of phylogenetic information.</p>
Annelid comparative genomics and the evolution of massive lineage-specific genome rearrangement in bilaterians
<p>The organization of genomes into chromosomes is critical for processes such as genetic recombination, environmental adaptation, and speciation. All animals with bilateral symmetry inherited a genome structure from their last common ancestor that has been highly conserved in some taxa but seemingly unconstrained in others. However, the evolutionary forces driving these differences and the processes by which they emerge have remained largely uncharacterized. Here we analyze genome organization across the phylum Annelida using 23 chromosome-level annelid genomes. We find that while most annelids have maintained the conserved bilaterian genome structure, a group containing leeches and earthworms possesses completely scrambled genomes. We develop a rearrangement index to quantify the extent of genome structure evolution and show leeches and earthworms to have the most highly rearranged genomes of any currently sampled bilaterian. We further show that bilaterian genomes can be classified into two distinct categories—high and low rearrangement—largely influenced by the presence or absence, respectively, of chromosome fission events. Our findings demonstrate that animal genome structure can be highly variable within a phylum and reveal that genome rearrangement can occur both in a gradual, stepwise fashion or as rapid, all-encompassing changes over short evolutionary timescales.</p>
Bryozoan genomes reveal extensive chromosome rearrangement and the evolution of bilaterian genome structure
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Annelid comparative genomics and the evolution of massive lineage-specific genome rearrangement in bilaterians
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Two notorious nodes: A critical examination of relaxed molecular clock age estimates of the bilaterian animals and placental mammals
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Data from: Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox complements
Bilaterian animals have a Hox gene cluster essential for patterning the main body axis, and a ParaHox gene cluster. Comparison of Hox and ParaHox genes has led workers to postulate that both clusters originated from the duplication of an ancient cluster named ProtoHox, which contained up to four genes with at least the precursors of anterior and posterior Hox/ParaHox genes. However, the way in which genes diversified within the ProtoHox, Hox and ParaHox clusters remains unclear because no systematic study of non-bilaterian animals exists. Here we characterize the full Hox/ParaHox gene complements and genomic organization in two cnidarian species (Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata), and suggest a ProtoHox cluster simpler than originally thought on the basis of three arguments. First, both species possess bilaterian-like anterior Hox genes, but their non-anterior genes do not appear as counterparts of either bilaterian central or posterior genes; second, two clustered ParaHox genes, Gsx and a gene related to Xlox and Cdx, are found in Nematostella vectensis; and third, we do not find clear phylogenetic support for a common origin of bilaterian Cdx and posterior genes, which might therefore have appeared after the ProtoHox cluster duplication. Consequently, the ProtoHox cluster might have consisted of only two anterior genes. Non-anterior genes could have appeared independently in the Hox and ParaHox clusters, possibly after the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians.
Data from: Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox complements
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Data from: The genetic factors of bilaterian evolution
The Cambrian explosion was a unique animal radiation ~540 million years ago that produced the full range of body plans across bilaterians. The genetic mechanisms underlying these events are unknown, leaving a fundamental question in evolutionary biology unanswered. Using large-scale comparative genomics and advanced orthology evaluation techniques, we identified 157 genes with bilaterian origin. Bilaterian innovations include the entire Nodal pathway, a key regulator of mesoderm development and left-right axis specification; components for nervous system development, including a suite of G protein-coupled receptors that control physiology and behaviour, the Robo-Slit midline repulsion system, and the neurotrophin signalling system; a high number of zinc finger transcription factors; and novel factors that previously escaped attention. Contradicting the current view, our study reveals that genes with bilaterian origin are robustly associated with key features in extant bilaterians, suggesting a causal relationship.
Undetermined Non-Bilaterian CANTATA Transcriptomes
<p>CANTATA is a Community bAsed Non-bilaTeriAn Transcriptome Archive aiming to provide an archive of non-bilaterian transcriptomic resources assembled and annotated in a standardized manner.</p> <p> </p> <p>In this repository, we provide the transcriptomes assemblies corresponding to different undetermined non-bilaterian animals. In all cases, the specimens can be assigned to a Phylum. Some specimens are determined to genus level. We include these specimens for completeness and leave the user the decision to use them or not in their analyses.</p> <p>Currently, the following species are available:</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>The details about the read files used to assemble each transcriptome can be found at the CANTATA repository (https://gitlab.lrz.de/palmuc/cantata)</p>
Data from: The genetic factors of bilaterian evolution
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Transcriptomic evolution across bilaterian tissues
GEO Series GSE205498. Tribolium castaneum; Aedes aegypti; Xenopus tropicalis; Cloeon dipterum; Blattella germanica; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; Octopus bimaculoides; Strigamia maritima; Branchiostoma lanceolatum; Danio rerio; Bombyx mori; Drosophila melanogaster; Callorhinchus milii; Monodelphis domestica; Episyrphus balteatus. 89 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Parallels and contrasts between the cnidarian and bilaterian maternal-to-zygotic transition are revealed in Hydractinia embryos
GEO Series GSE232065. Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. 45 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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