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openmit-licenseAug 2018View details →

Body size convergence in Sturnira - R Code and supporting data

R Code and supporting data for: Co-occurrence and character convergence in two Neotropical bats. Journal of Mammalogy

Spreadsheet template for Body Size Data for North American Orthopteroid Insects

Body size data for orthopteroid insects extracted from: Vickery, V.R., Kevan, D.K.McE., 1985. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 14. The Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Related Insects of Canada and Adjecent Regions. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1777:1-918.

Body Size Data for North American Spiders

Body size data for North American spiders extracted from The Insects and Arachnids of Canada: Dondale, C. D. & Redner, J. H. (1978). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 5. The crab spiders of Canada and Alaska, Araneae: Philodromidae and Thomisidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1663: 1-255. Dondale, C. D. & Redner, J. H. (1982). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 9. The sac spiders of Canada and Alaska, Araneae: Clubionidae and Anyphaenidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1724: 1-194. Dondale, C. D. & Redner, J. H. (1990). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 17. The wolf spiders, nurseryweb spiders, and lynx spiders of Canada and Alaska, Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, and Oxyopidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1856: 1-383. Platnick, N. I. & Dondale, C. D. (1992). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 19. The ground spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1875: 1-297.

Spreadsheet Template for Body Size Data for North American Hemiptera

Body size data for North American Hemiptera extracted from The Insects and Arachnids of Canada: Hamilton, K.G.A., 1982. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 10. The Spittlebugs of Canada. Homoptera: Cercpidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1740:1-102. Kelton, L.A., 1978. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 4. The Anthocoridae of Canada and Alaska: Heteroptera, Anthocoridae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1639:1-101. Kelton, L.A., 1980. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 8. The plant bugs of the prairie provinces of Canada (Heteroptera: Miridae). Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1703:1-408. Matsuda, R., 1977. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 3. The Aradidae of Canada: Hemiptera: Aradidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1634:1-116.

openCC (other)Oct 2022View details →

edi44/100

SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Kelp Forest Data to support "Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover"

These data describe quantitative relationships between wet mass and length or wet mass and percent cover, and conversion factors to transform wet mass into dry mass, shell-free and decalcified dry mass, and ash-free dry mass for 84 species of benthic macroinvertebrates common to giant kelp forests in southern California. Data are based on organisms collected from sites in the Santa Barbara Channel between April 2010 and May 2014. These measurements are intended to facilitate the conversion of invertebrate abundance into common metrics of biomass, for quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. Converting numerical abundance (i.e., organism density) to biomass requires information on the relationship between individual size and biomass. For colonial and small aggregating taxa that are numerous and indistinct, measures of abundance are usually proportional (e.g., percent cover). Hence, converstions are taxa-specific, based on either size or cover, and a variety of metrics of species biomass are included, e.g., wet mass, shell-free wet mass, ash-free dry mass. Data are published in Reed, D. C, J. C. Nelson, S. L. Harrer, and R. J. Miller, Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover data. Marine Biology. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016-2879-x. From the paper abstract: The inability to compare different measures of species abundance (such as density and percent cover) or different metrics of species biomass (such as wet mass and ash-free dry mass) hampers quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. This has been especially problematic for the dynamic and highly productive communities inhabiting shallow reefs in temperate seas where varied metrics are commonly used to characterize the abundance and biomass of different suites of species. Regressions for all 84 species were highly significant and regression fits were very good for mos

opencc-zeroOct 2015View details →

Supporting data: Reporting phenotypes in model organisms when considering body size as a potential confounder.

This directory contains the data and associated scripts used to generate the figures  in the manuscript "Reporting phenotypes in model organisms when considering body size as a potential confounder." submitted to the Journal of Biomedical Semantics

openmit-licenseNov 2023View details →

Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex

When using the data or code from this manuscript, please cite it as:Leiva FP, Santos M, Rezende E, & Verberk WCEP. 2021. Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Data from: Interactions between sexual signaling, thermoregulation and body size drive ecology and evolution of wing colors in Odonata

This dataset consists of images of the fore and hind wings (and associated metadata) of 4091 individual odonate specimens, and thus over 8000 wings, imaged on a commercially-available Epson desktop flatbed scanner and color-calibrated using a color-checker, comprising the Targeted Odonata Wing Digitization dataset (TOWD; <a href="https://digitizingdragonflies.org/">https://digitizingdragonflies.org/</a>)  The odonates imaged are all from the Nearctic, and represent 343 species.  In this dataset, 47% of images come from the Alabama Museum of Natural History (ALMNH), 19% from the PhD thesis collection of William Kuhn (now housed at the American Museum of Natural History, AMNH), 19% from the collection of the late Michael L. May, and 13% from Jessica Ware’s Rutgers-University Newark collection (now housed at the AMNH).  Files are individual PNGs where transparency is the background.  Metadata includes species, sex, and county.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Data for: Long-term body size change in multiple landbird species, long-term change in temperature and precipitation as well as associations between temperature, precipitation, and morphological change in multiple landbird species, 2004 – 2019, 2021 - 2022.

Six data sets used to look for long-term change in precipitation and temperature, body size change and possible environmental drivers of morphological change in birds captured during spring or fall migration in and around Lackawanna State Park, northeastern Pennsylvania, USA. The file labeled daily_temp_precip.csv contains daily precipitation and average daily temperature data from the Scranton/Wilkes Barre Airport (Avoca, Pennsylvania, USA) and the file called daily_temp_precip_1400 contains daily precipitation and daily temperature data from weather stations within 1,400 km of our study site location (41.6oN, 75.7oW), bounded by 80o W and 70oW longitude. The file called band_data_final.csv contains data collected from the first capture of individuals of multiple species during spring or fall migration, the file called all_hy_env_morph.csv contains temperature and precipitation anomaly data from Scranton/Wilkes Barre Airport (Avoca, Pennsylvania, USA), as well as morphological data from the first capture of all fall migrating young of the year. The file called all_hy_env_morph_1400.csv contains temperature and precipitation anomaly data from weather stations within 1,400 km of our study site location (41.6oN, 75.7oW), bounded by 80o W and 70oW longitude as well as morphological data from the first capture of all fall migrating young of the year while the file called local_hy_env_morph.csv contains temperature and precipitation anomaly data as well as first capture of local young of the year.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Data from: Seasonality, body size and maturation time in the neotropical grasshopper Sphenarium histrio across an altitudinal gradient

In insects, male mating success and female fecundity usually increase with body size. However, natural selection favors faster maturation, reducing the risk of pre-reproductive death when the reproductive season is short in habitats located at high altitudes or far from the equator. Also, if males that mature earlier than females under these conditions increase their mating opportunities, protandry may evolve in their populations. Nonetheless, since body size is strongly correlated with maturation time in insects, a faster sexual maturation is reached at the expense of having a small body size. We analyzed the differences in the adult body size of males and females of the grasshopper Sphenarium histrio in three sites across an altitudinal gradient in southern Mexico. We also evaluated the possibility of protandry in these sampling sites using a common garden experiment. Male and female grasshoppers collected from low altitude sites in the field and reared in the laboratory were larger than those from a high altitude, suggesting genetic differentiation. Grasshoppers from a high altitude hatched earlier, had a shorter development time, presented fewer instars, and were smaller than grasshoppers from the other sampling sites. Moreover, development time in the three sampling sites was shorter in males than in females, suggesting protandry. Interestingly, the males from the three sites showed similar growth rates, but the females from low and high altitudes, respectively, had the fastest and slowest growth rates. In general, the adaptive value of the evolution of protandry has been focused on males. However, it may be that the growth rates of females in these sites could modify the degree of protandry as a response to their risk of pre-reproductive death and the potential benefits associated with multiple matings. The xlsx file contains the data for all the statistical analyses.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data from: Remarkable similarity of oxygen tolerance across marine taxa when standardized for temperature and body size

Species' ranges are shifting in response to increasing temperature and decreasing oxygen in coastal oceans. Forecasting these shifts is limited by information on physiological oxygen thresholds and how they depend on temperature. Here, we adopt an ecophysiological metric, the metabolic index, and estimate its parameters from data collected on marine taxa using phylogenetic trait imputation. The metabolic index is the ratio of temperature-dependent rates of oxygen supply to basal oxygen demands. By applying a hierarchical phylogenetic model to a data set of 74 marine taxa that accounts for both taxonomic distance (from Linnean classification) and biases related to lab methods, we find that the critical oxygen pressure at a reference body size and temperature is remarkably consistent across taxa, ranging 2.9 to 4.9 kPa. In comparison, the estimated effect of temperature on the critical oxygen pressure was more variable among taxa. These findings suggest that species-level differences in oxygen tolerance might be primarily related to differences in body size and preferred temperature. Further, this work provides data-informed distributions of parameters for species that lack experimental data to aid species distribution forecasting.

Body Size Data for North American Orthopteroid Insects

Body Size Data for North American Hemiptera

<a href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CMO_0000013">Body length</a>, <a href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/VT_0015039">body width</a>, <a href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBA_VT0000038">head length</a>, and <a href="http://eol.org/schema/HeadWidth">head width</a> data for North American Hemiptera extracted from The Insects and Arachnids of Canada: Hamilton, K.G.A., 1982. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 10. The Spittlebugs of Canada. Homoptera: Cercpidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1740:1-102. Kelton, L.A., 1978. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 4. The Anthocoridae of Canada and Alaska: Heteroptera, Anthocoridae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1639:1-101. Kelton, L.A., 1980. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 8. The plant bugs of the prairie provinces of Canada (Heteroptera: Miridae). Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1703:1-408. Matsuda, R., 1977. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 3. The Aradidae of Canada: Hemiptera: Aradidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1634:1-116.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Mass extinctions alter extinction and origination dynamics with respect to body size

Whether mass extinctions and their associated recoveries represent an intensification of background extinction and origination dynamics versus a separate macroevolutionary regime remains a central debate in evolutionary biology. Previous focus has been on extinction, but origination dynamics may be equally or more important for long-term evolutionary outcomes. The evolution of animal body size is an ideal process to test for differences in macroevolutionary regimes, as body size is easily determined, comparable across distantly related taxa, and scales with organismal traits. Here, we test for shifts in selectivity between background intervals and the "Big Five" mass extinction events using capture-mark-recapture models. Our body-size data cover 10,203 fossil marine animal genera spanning 10 Linnaean classes with occurrences ranging from Early Ordovician to Late Pleistocene (485–1 Mya). Most classes exhibit differences in both origination and extinction selectivity between background intervals and mass extinctions, with the direction of selectivity varying among classes and overall exhibiting stronger selectivity during origination after mass extinction than extinction during mass extinction. Thus, not only do mass extinction events shift the marine biosphere into a new macroevolutionary regime, the dynamics of recovery from mass extinction also appear to play an underappreciated role in shaping the biosphere in their aftermath.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Wild microbiomes of striped plateau lizards vary with sex, body size, and reproductive season

Long-term natural studies are valuable for examining the effects of host demographics and environmental factors on animal microbiomes, and how those effects interact and shift over time. We examined how the cloacal microbiome of Sceloporus virgatus (the striped plateau lizard) varies under natural conditions in southeastern Arizona, USA, in a multi-year study. Cloacal swabs were collected from wild-caught lizards across their entire active season over three years. Analyses of 16S rRNA data generated on the Illumina platform revealed cloacal microbiomes of S. virgatus vary as a function of sex, season, size, and reproductive state, and do so independently of one another. Briefly, microbial diversity was higher in females than in males, increased with body size, was lowest in both sexes during the reproductive season, and was lowest in females when they were vitellogenic. It was not significantly affected by hibernation. This study highlights the importance of long term, wide scale microbiome studies for capturing accurate perspectives on microbiome diversity and composition in a given species. It also serves as a warning for comparisons of microbiomes across species, as each may be under a different suite of selective pressures from external or innate factors, which may differ in a species-specific manner.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data for: Body size and substrate use affect ventral, but not dorsal, brightness evolution in lizards

Substrate properties can affect the thermal balance of organisms, and the colored integument, alongside other factors, may influence heat transfer via differential absorption and reflection. Dark coloration may lead to higher heat absorption and could be advantageous when substrates are cool (and vice versa for bright coloration), but these effects are rarely investigated. Here, we examined the effect of substrate reflectance, specific heat capacity (cp), and body size on the dorso-ventral brightness using 276 samples from 12 species of cordylid lizards distributed across 26 sites in South Africa. We predicted, and found, that bright ventral colors occur more frequently in low cp (i.e. drier, with little energy needed for temperature change) substrates, especially in larger body-sized individuals, possibly to better modulate heat transfer with the surrounding environment. By contrast, dorsal brightness was not associated with body size nor any substrate thermal property, suggesting selection pressures other than thermoregulation. Ancestral estimation and evolutionary rate analyses suggest that ventral brightness rapidly differentiated within the Cordylinae starting 25 Mya, coinciding with an aridification period, further hinting at a thermoregulatory role for ventral colors. Our study indicates that substrate properties can have a direct role in shaping the evolution of ventral brightness in ectotherms.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Data from: Early Cenozoic increases in mammal diversity cannot be explained solely by expansion into larger body sizes

A prominent hypothesis in the diversification of placental mammals after the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary suggests that the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs resulted in the ecological release of mammals, which were previously constrained to small body sizes and limited species richness. This "dinosaur incumbency hypothesis" may therefore explain increases in mammalian diversity via expansion into larger body sizes, that were previously occupied by dinosaurs, but does not directly predict increases in other body size classes. To evaluate this, we estimate sampling-standardised diversity patterns of terrestrial North American fossil mammals within body size classes, through the Cretaceous and Paleogene. We find strong evidence for post-extinction diversity increases in all size classes. Increases in the diversity of small-bodied species (less than 100 g, the common body size class of Cretaceous mammals, and much smaller than the smallest non-avialan dinosaurs [~400 g]) were similar to those of larger species. We propose that small-bodied mammals had access to greater energetic resources or were able to partition resources more finely after the K/Pg mass extinction. This likely resulted from a combination of widespread niche clearing due to the K/Pg mass extinctions, alongside a suite of biotic and abiotic changes that occurred during the Late Cretaceous and across the K/Pg boundary, such as shifting floral composition, and novel key innovations among eutherian mammals.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data and code for: Changes in prey body size differentially reduces predation risk across predator and prey abundances

Trophic interactions underpin the structure of ecological communities by describing the rate at which consumers exploit their resources. The rates at which predators consume their prey are influenced by prey traits, with many species inducing defensive modifications to prey traits following the threat of predation. Here we use different clonal lines of the protist Paramecium being consumed by Stenostomum predators to highlight how differences in prey traits impact rates of predation. Clonal lines differed in their body width traits and in their ability to induce changes in body width. By using a factorial cross of predator and prey abundances for different clonal lines we demonstrate how evolutionary or induced alterations in prey traits can impact the relative threat of predation. Our experiments show how interference among predators impacts predation rate and how increased body width increased predator handling times. Given that reductions in the strength of interspecific interactions are associated with increased levels of overall community stability, our results indicate how individual-level changes may scale up to impact whole communities.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Data from: The role of male body size in mating success and male-male competition in a false widow spider

In many animals, body size is correlated with reproductive success. Selection sometimes generates striking differences in body size between males and females (i.e., sexual size dimorphism, SSD). SSD is common in spiders (Araneae), and is typically explained by selection for larger, more fecund females, and rapidly maturing, and consequently smaller males. Within a species males and females also often vary in body size. In the false widow spider (Steatoda grossa), females are larger than males and males trade off body size for rapid development and early maturation. Moreover, males exhibit considerable variation in body size, suggesting that under certain conditions there may be advantages to large size. Here, we tested the role of male body size on mating success under non-competitive and competitive mating conditions (i.e., male-male competition) in S. grossa. We found that body size did not influence mating success or copulation duration under non-competitive conditions, but that larger males were more successful at obtaining access to females under competitive mating conditions. Additionally, we found that total copulation duration was significantly lower when a rival male was present. Our results show a large male advantage under male-male competition, which we suggest may contribute to the high variation in male body size observed in S. grossa. We further suggest that the reduced copulation duration observed under competitive mating conditions may have potential ramifications for male and female reproductive success, and discuss how patterns of selection acting on male body size might limit the extent of SSD in this species.