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33 results for “Boidae”
Data and code from: Spatial ecology of the Turks & Caicos boa, Chilabothrus c. chrysogaster Cope, 1871 (Serpentes: Boidae)
<p><span>Obtaining ecological and natural history data from cryptic squamates can be challenging, but is crucial to understanding species' biology, particularly in the context of conservation. In the Greater Antilles, this challenge is especially apparent, particularly among the West Indian boas (genus <em>Chilabothrus</em>). Most species have had only minimal natural history study, with a few exceptions. The Turks & Caicos boa (<em>C. chrysogaster</em>) has been studied intensively for over 16 years on the small privately owned island of Big Ambergris Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands. We conducted a multi-year radio-tracking study on the species to generate information relevant to spatial habitat use and movement that will inform conservation decision-making in the face of increasing development pressure. We tracked a total of 19 female snakes using surgically implanted transmitters, enabling us to obtain between 16 and 40 location observations per boa over the lifetime of each transmitter. We estimated home ranges, the core space used by an animal, using range distributions, finding that females have a home range of 0.70 ha to 1.2 ha. We also estimated occurrence distributions, the use of space between specific time intervals, finding an average occurrence area of 1.62 ha. Several females overlapped in their spatial habitat use, and we observed female boas using two novel habitats for the species (iron shore wrack and red mangrove). This study provides valuable information on the spatial ecology of an endangered boa and will serve to inform conservation work that is currently underway. </span></p>
Data and code from: Spatial ecology of the Turks & Caicos boa, Chilabothrus c. chrysogaster Cope, 1871 (Serpentes: Boidae)
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Data from: Feeding effects on liver mitochondrial bioenergetics of Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae)
<p>Snakes are interesting examples of overcoming energy metabolism challenges as many species can endure long periods without feeding, and their eventual meals are of reasonably large sizes, thus exhibiting dual extreme adaptations. Consequently, metabolic rate increases considerably to attend to the energetic demand of digestion, absorption and, protein synthesis. These animals should be adapted to transition from these two opposite states of energy fairly quickly, and therefore we investigated mitochondrial function plasticity in these states. Herein we compared liver mitochondrial bioenergetics of the boid snake <i>Boa constrictor</i> during fasting and after meal intake. We fasted the snakes for 60 days, then we fed a subgroup with 30% of their body size and evaluated their maximum postprandial response. We measured liver respiration rates from permeabilized tissue and isolated mitochondria, and from isolated mitochondria, we also measured Ca<sup>2+</sup> retention capacity, the release of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and NAD(P) redox state. Mitochondrial respiration rates were maximized after feeding, reaching until 60% increase from fasting levels when energized with complex I-linked substrates. Interestingly, fasting and fed snakes exhibited similar respiratory control ratios and citrate synthase activity. Furthermore, we found no differences in Ca<sup>2+</sup> retention capacity, indicating no increase in susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), or redox state of NAD(P), although fed animals exhibited increases in the release of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Thus, we conclude that liver mitochondria from B. constrictor snakes increase the maintenance costs during the postprandial period and quickly improve the mitochondrial bioenergetics capacity without compromising the redox balance.</p>
Figure 5 in Reevaluation of the taxonomic status of sand boas of the genus Eryx (Daudin, 1803) (Serpentes: Boidae) in northeastern Iran
Figure 5. The general view of E. jaculus: a) dorsal and b) ventral view.
Data from: Feeding effects on liver mitochondrial bioenergetics of Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae)
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FIGURE 1 in A Taxonomic Revision of Boas (Serpentes: Boidae)
FIGURE 1. Comparison of recent phylogenetic topologies for Booidea with nomenclature proposed herein. Asterisks (*) represent strongly supported nodes using either SHL (Pyron et al. 2013) or BS (Reynolds et al. 2014) values.
Figure 3 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 3. Paratypes attributed to P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977). Letters A–D denote the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 4. Comparison of the neural spine morphology between Chilabothrus, Epicrates and the fossils from Thomas Farm. Only mid-precloacal vertebrae are figured here. A, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus inornatus (AMNH 70023); B, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus striatus strigilatus (AMNH 70263); C, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); D, paratype of N. barbouri (MCZ 1978) (= Pseudoepicrates); E, paratype of P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977); F, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); G, Epicrates crassus (MCN PV DR 003); H, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002); I, Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); J, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); and K, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). In (A–H) lateral and (I–K) dorsal views. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 6. Selected examples of the extant comparative material used in the study. A, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH R 77596); B, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus cf C. inornatus from the Pleistocene of Cuba (AMNH 7709); C, midtrunk vertebra of 'barbouri' (previous holotype MCZ 1978); D, midtrunk vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344); and E, midtrunk vertebra of Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in column at the lower portion of the image. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 5. Paratypes previously attributed to N. barbouri (= Pseudoepicrates). Letters A–D denotes the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted above each image. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section.
Figure 10. A in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 10. A, calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Reynolds et al. (2013). Blue dot: the estimated age of divergence of the group [(Chilabothrus) + (Epicrates + Eunectes)] at ~30.0 Mya. Red dot: the estimate age for origin of the genus Chilabothrus at ~22 Mya. The dashed line shows the age of the site of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. ~18.5 Mya, marking the oldest record of the genus. B, schematic map of the early Miocene showing the biogeographical dispersion and diversification of the genus Chilabothrus. Red arrow: probable route of dispersion via Northern South America, which is here considered the most likely based on multiple lines of evidence, including genetic divergence, oceanic current patterns, incidence of vertebrates taxa and estimated dispersal time of initial dispersion ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2013). Green arrow: alternative route of dispersion to the West Indian Island complex from the Central America, estimate dispersal time of ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996). Pink arrow: route of dispersion from North America, hypothesis based on Tolson (1987) due to the presence of Pseudoepicrates, considered unlikely here. Orange arrow: second dispersal event of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. to the North American Territory from the West Indies (estimated age of at least ~18.5 Mya). Blue arrow: dispersion throughout the West Indies' island complex, prefacing the diversification of the current extant species of the insular complex (estimated age since ~22 Mya to the Holocene). Hypothesis adapted from Reynolds et al. (2013). Paleomap reconstruction based on Scotese (2010).
Figure 9 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 9. Comparison between the holotype of P. stanolseni MCZ 1977 and an anterior vertebra of B. constrictor MCN. D. 333. Note differences such as the neural spine orientation; the presence of epizygapophyseal process in B. constrictor; the zygosphene roof morphology; and the shallow posterodorsal notch of P. stanolseni. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 1. Mid-precloacal vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344). A, showing the anatomical features and terminology adopted in the work. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. B, quantitative proportions and measurements employed in the present work. Anatomical views of the vertebra is present below each image. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 2. Isolated precloacal vertebrae attributed to Pseudoepicrates stanolseni. A, anterior precloacal vertebra MCZ 1977; B, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1977 (holotype) evidencing its morphological structures; C, mid-precloacal vertebra of MCZ 1978 'barbouri' material; D, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1978 evidencing its morphological structures. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations in the anatomical abbreviations' section.
FIGURE 1 in Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae
FIGURE 1. Time-calibrated phylogeny of Serpentes based on Pyron et al. (2013) and Reynolds et al. (2014). Numbers represent calibrated nodes in text. Fossil taxa are the calibration points for their respective nodes. Thickened bars represent well-sampled, taxonomically resolved stratigraphic distributions for the sister taxa to Pan-Serpentes and snake lineages whose first occurrences are determined by older sister taxa. Thin bars represent estimated stratigraphic distributions for taxa with poorly resolved fossil records, or no published fossil record (names in grey). "Scolecophidia" represents a paraphyletic grade with respect to Alethinophidia (see text).
Figure 5 in How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830)
Figure 5. Ordination of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) specimens along the first two discriminant axes of a Discriminant Function Analysis. Enlarged symbols indicate group centroids. The first and second discriminant function account for 70.2% and 25.2% of total variance, respectively. See Supporting information, Table S7, for the pooled discriminant scores table of this analysis.
Figure 4 in How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830)
Figure 4. Comparison of ZISP 1441, the lectotype of Boa murina Linnaeus, 1758, with plate 29, fig. 1 in Seba (1735). A, photograph of ZISP 1441. Numbering, lettering and coloured ovals refers to equivalent blotches and pattern features for comparison with Seba's figure. B, plate 29, fig. 1 from Seba (1735) with pattern features equivalent to those in (A) highlighted. C, D, detail of head in Seba's plate 29, fig. 1 and of ZISP 1441. Note the posterior extension of the lower postocular stripe and the arrow-shape of the dark mark on top of the head. Photos of ZISP 1441 by Konstantin Milto. The high-resolution illustration of Seba's anaconda were downloaded from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, contributed by Smithsonian Libraries and Archives.
Figure 3 in How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830)
Figure 3. Ordination of specimens of yellow anacondas (E. beniensis, E. deschauenseei, E. notaeus) along axes displaying the first two principal components (PC) of a principal component analysis. PC-1 and PC-2 explain 29.0% and 19.5% of the total variance in the data, respectively. See Supporting information, Table S6 for the principal components table.
Figure 1 in How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830)
Figure 1. Timetrees inferred with MCMCtree, estimating the split between yellow and green anaconda lineages (genus Eunectes). We show these to illustrate the considerable uncertainties surrounding the evolutionary age of anacondas with the limited data available and the large differences between inferences from nuclear-encoded vs. mitochondrial DNA sequences. Analyses are based on 2150 bp of four fragments of nuclear-encoded protein-coding genes (A) and 1098 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (B), constraining the Epicrates-Eunectes split to 15.8–37.3 Mya (secondary calibration obtained from www.timetree.org). Constraints are shown in purple, credibility intervals in light blue. Preferred age estimates of the split between yellow and green anacondas are shown in green. See Supporting information for additional analyses and detailed methods. Photo of Eunectes murinus by Frank Glaw.
Figure 2 in How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830)
Figure 2. Ordination of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) specimens along axes displaying the first two principal components (PC) of a principal component analysis. PC-1 and PC-2 explain 28.8% and 19.2% of the total variance in the data, respectively. See Supporting information, Table S2 for the principal components table.
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