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Fig. 3 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 3. The cumulative probability of visiting frequency and duration of each visit of Pieris rapae on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 2 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 2. Daily number (mean ± SE, the number of Frankliniella intonsa was calculated per 10 min per 10 flowers) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 1 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 1. Means (± SE) of species richness (A) and total number (B) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-antand-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 1 in Thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Brazilian papaya (Brassicales: Caricaceae) orchards as potential virus vectors

Fig. 1. Location of the 20 papaya orchards sampled in the main Brazilian papaya-producing and -exporting region, Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

Fig. 4 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 4. GC-EAD responses of Pieris rapae males to volatiles of Solenopsis invicta. GC-EAD active compounds: (1) n-tricosane; (2) 3-methyl tricosane; (3) unknown; (4) n-pentacosane; (5) 13-methyl pentacosane; (6) n-heptacosane; (7) 13,15-dimethyl heptacosane.

publicOct 2025View details →

dryad40/100

Differential beet leafhopper (Neoalitarsus tenellus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)) acceptance of allelopathic barley (Hordeum vulgare (Poales: Poaceae) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea (Brassicales: Brassicacae) cover crops

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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Brassicales Chloroplasts

Chloroplast genomes used in the following mauscript: Mabry, M. E., et al. (2020). Phylogeny and multiple independent whole‐genome duplication events in the Brassicales. American journal of botany, 107(8), 1148-1164.

opennotspecifiedMar 2011View details →

Fig. 2 in A new perspective on the evolution of white blister rusts: Albugo s.str. (Albuginales; Oomycota) is not restricted to Brassicales but also present on Fabales

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree of Albuginales species inferred from ML analysis using partial cox2 mtDNA. Number terms at nodes: ML/MP bootstrap support values>50%. Branch length reflects number of nucleotide changes between respective taxa; scale bar represents number of nucleotide substitutions per site

opennotspecifiedMar 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in A new perspective on the evolution of white blister rusts: Albugo s.str. (Albuginales; Oomycota) is not restricted to Brassicales but also present on Fabales

Fig. 1 Albugo mauginii on Onobrychis crista-galli. (a) Sori on infected leaves. (b, c) Sporogenous hyphae. (d) Primary sporangia. e Secondary sporangia. Scale bars= 20 μm

opennotspecifiedJun 2023View details →

Figura 4 in Entomofauna asociada a tres especies arvenses del género Cleome Linnaeus, 1753 (Brassicales: Cleomaceae) y sus relaciones potenciales con cultivos agrícolas

Figura 4. Valores de similitud entre las áreas a partir de la entomofauna asociadas a las arvenses. / Similarity values between the areas based on the entomofauna associated with the weeds.

opennotspecifiedJun 2023View details →

Figuras 1-3 in Entomofauna asociada a tres especies arvenses del género Cleome Linnaeus, 1753 (Brassicales: Cleomaceae) y sus relaciones potenciales con cultivos agrícolas

Figuras 1-3. Composición general de gremios tróficos asociados a Cleome spp. 1. C. viscosa. 2. C. gynandra. 3. C. spinosa. / General composition of trophic guilds associated with Cleome spp. 1. C. viscosa. 2. C. gynandra. 3. C. spinosa.

Fig. 2 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 2. The essence of glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthesis as imagined for the presumably ancient 2-methylpropylGSL and a β-hydroxylated derivative, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylGSL. The three steps between the CYP83 product and thiohydroximic acid in general GSL biosynthesis involves glutathione, serving as the donor of sulfur. The illustrated hypothetic pathway is based on the known biosynthetic pathway of more recently evolved GSLs (Sønderby et al., 2010).

Fig. 8 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 8. Biochemical aspects of aliphatic side chain oxidation of glucosinolates (GSLs). A. Biosynthesis of three well-investigated GSLs, all involving enzymes of the class "2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases", although the case of BAR biosynthesis is still tentative (Byrne et al., 2017). B. Conserved metabolism of an OAT into the corresponding oxazolidine-2-one (OAO) in three Brassicales species (Barbarea vulgaris, Nasturtium officinale and Reseda luteola). MYR, myrosinase; GS-OH, glucosinolate hydroxylating enzyme; GRS, glucoraphasatin synthase.

Fig. 7 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 7. Stages in the biosynthesis of parent glucosinolates (GSLs) without (A) or with (B) chain elongation of the precursor standard amino acid. A CYP79 enzyme catalyzes the first reaction in the known (cytosolic) core structure biosynthesis pathways, followed by six enzymatic steps constituting the remaining core structure biosynthesis pathway, abbreviated "r. csb". For GSLs without chain elongation (A), the CYP79 catalyzed reaction is the committed step. For GSLs needing chain elongation (B), however, the chain elongation machinery as well as transport ("T") across the chloroplast membrane and reversible amino transferase reactions collectively constitute the committed step, illustrated as a box-like reaction arrow containing the individual reactions.

Fig. 4 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 4. All glucosinolates (GSLs) derived from aliphatic amino acids known from the tribe Cardamineae. The constant part of the GSLs is abbreviated GSL in most structures and exemplified in case of 107. Abbreviations of individual GSLs follow a comprehensive system explained in the text (Section 1.1.); spaces have occasionally been inserted in some long names and abbreviations for easier reading. BCAA; branched chain amino acid.

Fig. 1 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 1. An archetypic glucosinolate-myrosinase system, leading to an isothiocyanate (A) and an oxazolidine-2-thione (B) from myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of two ancient glucosinolates, 11 and 31. The hydrolysis reactions are unbalanced; water is an additional reactant and glucose, sulfate and hydrogen ion are also released during the myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis. A rearrangement precedes the formation of isothiocyanate (Blaˇzevi´c et al., 2020).

Fig. 3 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 3. All glucosinolates (GSLs) derived from aromatic amino acids known from the tribe Cardamineae. The constant part of the GSLs is abbreviated GSL in most structures and exemplified in case of 11, a similar system is used for 6′-isoferuloylated GSLs as exemplified for 129. Abbreviations of individual GSLs follow a comprehensive system systematically explained in an accompanying paper (Agerbirk et al., 2021); spaces have occasionally been inserted in some long names and abbreviations for easier reading. The semisystematic name of "glucobarbarin" is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylGSL, and for "epiglucobarbarin" it is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylGSL.

Fig. 6 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 6. Aspects of glucosinolate (GSL) evolution in the order Brassicales with focus on the tribe Cardamineae. A. Phylogeny matched with GSL structural or biosynthetic features. Structural and biochemical features of GSL profiles of the respective species are indicated as deduced precursor amino acids and deduced modification of parent GSLs from the various precursors. Categories are based on GSL profiles as in Fig. 5C, but interpreted in a biosynthetic context. Presence of para- hydroxylated phenyl groups can potentially be due to either use of a specific precursor amino acid (Tyr or homoTyr) or a specific modification (para-hydroxylation), and is hence shown in an intermediate position, with the relevant backbones shown in B. Panel C shows the deduced modification steps. For the phylogeny in A, phylogenetic relationships based on Bayesian inference (MrBayes) of ITS regions were calculated for a subset of species from Brassicaceae and using Reseda (Resedaceae) as outgroup. Labels for B. vulgaris (group 3, group 7) refer to the ITS sequence pools listed in Agerbirk et al., (in review). Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates are shown for Bayesian and maximum-likelihood inference, respectively. Side-chain modification exclusively known from n-homoMet derived GSLs (Fig. 5B) is left out for space-considerations. For GSL profile data, group 7 of B. vulgaris was assumed to represent ssp. vulgaris.

Fig. 5 in Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps

Fig. 5. Structural redundancy and innovation in glucosinolate (GSL) biodiversity. A. Representative GSL structures categorized as ancient due to presence in nonBrassicaceae members of the order Brassicales. The poorly known status for a substituted Trp-derived is indicated (see text). B. Representative GSLs from three derived families (Capparaceae, Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae) with a simplified indication of the biosynthetic connections of n-homoMet derived GSLs. C. Distribution of three groups of GSLs in selected members of the tribes Cardamineae, Arabideae and Brassiceae. The first group, those illustrated in panel A, seem to be due to ancient or recapitulated biosynthesis. The second group seem to be of intermediate age, the n-homoMet derived are pooled for space considerations. Possibly, the 4-substituted Trp derived 4moIM (48) and homoIle derived 54 and 29 also belongs to this group. The third group is deduced to represent recently evolved biosyntheses, as discussed in text, and the GSLs are illustrated in panel D. The category "Present" in panel C indicates one or more conclusive demonstrations of the relevant GSL, while "Tested, not reported" means that relevant organs have been tested using relevant methods, yet the GSL was not reported, although explicit search for the GSL was not necessarily reported. Hence we could not conclude the GSL to be "not found", although this would be the simplest interpretation. The category "Circumstantial evidence" means that reasonable but not conclusive evidence for the relevant GSL has been published, while the category "Insufficent or missing data" means that relevant organs (roots for substituted Trp-derived and seeds for SGlc-acylated) have not been sufficiently investigated using methods with demonstrated ability to reveal the GSL in question.