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opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: Peregrine Falcons shift mean and variance in provisioning in response to increasing brood demand

The hierarchical model of provisioning posits that parents employ a strategic, sequential use of three provisioning tactics as offspring demand increases (e.g., due to increasing brood size and age). Namely, increasing delivery rate (reducing intervals between provisioning visits), expanding provisioned diet breadth, and adopting variance-sensitive provisioning. We evaluated this model in an Arctic breeding population of Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) by analyzing changes in inter-visit-intervals (IVIs) and residual variance in IVIs across 7 study years. Data was collected using motion-sensitive nest camera images and analyzed using Bayesian mixed effect models. We found strong support for a decrease in IVIs (i.e., increase in delivery rates) between provisioning visits and an increase in residual variance in IVIs with increasing nestling age, consistent with the notion that peregrines shift to variance-prone provisioning strategies with increasing nestling demand. However, support for predictions made based on the hierarchical model of tactics for coping with increased brood demand was equivocal as we did not find evidence in support of expected covariances between random effects (i.e., between IVI to an average-sized brood (intercept), change in IVI with brood demand (slope) or variance in IVI). Overall, our study provides important biological insights into how parents cope with increased brood demand.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

The effect of Israeli acute paralysis infection on honey bee brood care behavior

To protect themselves from communicable diseases, social insects utilize social immunity—behavioral, phsyiological, and organizational means to combat disease transmission and severity. Within a honey bee colony, larvae are visited thousands of times by nurse bees, representing a prime environment for pathogen transmission. We investigated a potential social immune response to Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) infection in brood care, testing the hypotheses that bees will respond with behaviors that result in reduced brood care, or that infection results in elevated brood care as a virus-driven mechanism to increase transmission. We tested for group-level effects by comparing three different social environments in which 0%, 50%, or 100% of bees were experimentally infected with IAPV. We investigated individual-level effects by comparing exposed bees to unexposed bees within the mixed-exposure treatment group. We found no evidence for a social immune response at the group level; however, individually, exposed bees interacted with the larva more frequently than their unexposed nestmates. While this could increase virus transmission from adults to larvae, it could also represent a hygienic response to increase grooming when an infection is detected. Together, our findings underline the complexity of disease dynamics in complex social animal systems.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2009View details →

Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a female Staurothyone inconspicua (Bell) showing mid-body constrictions and variable sizes (F58613; photo by CR). b, coelomic juvenile of S. inconspicua showing a deep mid-body constriction (F58456; CR). c, coelomic juveniles from a female Parathyonidium Heding species (F84983; CR). d, many small (F58592, late October; CR) and one large (F76371, late December; CR) coelomic brood juveniles of Neoamphicyclus materiae O'Loughlin. e, single large coelomic juvenile of N. materiae (F58606; late December; LA). f, invaginated body wall marsupium of Cladodactyla crocea (Lesson) with single remaining egg/embryo (F106967; 27 mm long; LA).

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Datasets and R code for: Brood as booty: The effect of colony size and resource value in social insect contests

From the Manuscript: Animals engage in contests for access to resources like food, mates, and space. Intergroup contests between groups of organisms have received little attention, and it remains unresolved what information groups might use collectively to make contest decisions. We staged whole-colony contests using ant colonies (Temnothorax rugatulus), which perceive conspecific colonies as both a threat and resource from which to steal brood. We recorded individual behaviors and used demographic characteristics as proxies for resource value (number of brood items) and fighting ability (number of workers). We found that ants altered their fighting effort depending on the relative number of workers of their opponent. While the proximate mechanism for this ability remains uncertain, we found that colonies increased fighting when their opponent had relatively more brood, but not if opposing colonies had relatively many more workers. This suggests that ant colonies can use information about opposing colonies that shapes contest strategies. Further, the behavior of opposing colonies were strongly correlated with each other despite colony size differences ranging from 4-51%, consistent with the hypothesis that colonies can use opponent information. The behavior of a distributed, collective system of many individuals, like a eusocial insect colony, thus fits several predictions of contest models designed for individuals if we consider the gain and loss of worker ants analogous to energetic costs accrued during typical dyadic contests.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Brood parasites that care: alternative nesting tactics in a subsocial wasp

<div> Hosts and brood parasites are a classic example of conflict. Parasites typically provide no offspring care after laying eggs, imposing costs on hosts. Female subsocial wasps, Ammophila pubescens, alternated between initiating their own nests and an 'intruder' tactic of replacing eggs in nests of unrelated conspecifics. Hosts could respond by substituting new eggs of their own, with up to eight reciprocal replacements. Remarkably, intruders usually provisioned offspring in host nests, often alongside hosts. We used field data to investigate why intruders provision and to understand the basis of interactions. We found that intruders could not increase their fitness payoffs by using the typical brood parasite tactic of not provisioning offspring. Intruders using the typical tactic would benefit when hosts provisioned in their stead, but their offspring would starve when hosts failed to provision. Although some hosts obtained positive payoffs when intruders mistakenly provisioned their offspring, on average utilizing a conspecific nest represents parasitism: hosts pay costs while intruders benefit. Both females used the same tactic of egg replacement, but intruders more often laid the final egg. Selection should favour better discrimination of offspring, which could lead to repeated cycles of costly egg replacement. </div>

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Brood ball data from the dung beetle species Phanaeus vindex exposed to warmer temperatures

Temperature profoundly impacts insect development, but plasticity of reproductive behaviours may mediate the impacts of temperature change on earlier life stages. Few studies have examined the potential for adult behavioural plasticity to buffer offspring from the warmer, more variable temperatures associated with climate change. We used a field manipulation to examine whether the dung beetle Phanaeus vindex alters breeding behaviours in response to temperature changes and whether behavioural shifts protect offspring from temperature changes. Dung beetles lay eggs inside brood balls made of dung that are buried underground. Brood ball depth impacts the temperatures offspring experience with consequences for development. We placed adult females in either control or greenhouse treatments that simultaneously increased temperature mean and variance. We found that females in greenhouse treatments produced more brood balls that were smaller and buried deeper than controls, suggesting brood ball number or burial depth may come at a cost to brood ball size, which can impact offspring nutrition. Despite being buried deeper, brood balls from the greenhouse treatment experienced warmer mean temperatures but similar amplitudes of temperature fluctuation relative to controls. Our findings suggest adult behaviours may partially buffer developing offspring from temperature changes.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Salmonellosis in Chicken Brooding Farms in and Around Arba Minch Town, Gamo Zone of Ethiopia

We all authors have done this research entitled ‘’Prevalence and Factors Associated with Salmonellosis in Chicken Brooding Farms in and Around Arba Minch Town, Gamo Zone of Ethiopia’’ for disseminating the result of our finding to the scientific community. The research has its strength as we did on chicken brooding farms which are the emerging production system in Ethiopia context and women and young cooperatives are highly engaged in this business but they have faced health-related problems in their management system. Therefore, this research was initiated based on practical challenges observed by the authors during professional support to brooding farm owners. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of Salmonellosis and its potential factors with their antibiotic resistance pattern in the study area because there is irrational use of antibiotics among human and animal health in the study area this might have a source of development of drug resistance in Ethiopia and the study area in particular. Furthermore the study focus on bacteriological analysis, risk factor association and drug sensitivity test due to the limitation of resource that can be baseline data for characterization.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation

Comparing divergence in quantitative traits and neutral molecular markers, such as QST–FST comparisons, provides a means to distinguish between natural selection and genetic drift as causes of population differentiation in complex polygenic traits. Onithochiton neglectus (Rochebrune, 1881) is a morphologically variable chiton endemic to New Zealand, with populations distributed over a broad latitudinal environmental gradient. In this species, the morphological variants cluster into two geographically separated shell shape groups, and the phenotypic variation in shell shape has been hypothesised to be adaptive. Here, we assessed this hypothesis by comparing neutral genomic differentiation between populations (FST) with an index of phenotypic differentiation (PST). We used 7,562 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 15 populations and three clades of O. neglectus throughout New Zealand to infer FST. PST was calculated from 18 shell shape traits and gave highly variable estimates across populations, clades and shape groups. By systematically comparing PST with FST, we identified evidence of local adaptation in a number of the O. neglectus shell shape traits. This supports the hypothesis that shell shape could be an adaptive trait, potentially correlated with the ability to live and raft in kelp holdfasts.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Natural And Artificial Scents Do Not Increase Egg Rejection Rates Of Model Brood Parasitic Eggs By American Robins (Turdus Migratorius)

Fig. 1. Experimental clutches of American Robins, each with a robin-blue (mimetic; left) or a deep-blue (non-mimetic; right) model egg 3D printed in the size, shape, and weight of

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Wood duck nest survival and duckling recruitment is minimally affected by interspecific brood parasitism from hooded mergansers and black-bellied whistling-ducks

In the southeastern United States, wood ducks (Aix sponsa) have historically experienced interspecific brood parasitism (IBP) primarily from hooded mergansers (Lophodytes cucullatus), but the recent northward expansion of black-bellied whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis) has added a new complexity to these interactions. We monitored nest boxes in Louisiana to evaluate the influence IBP had on wood duck daily nest survival rate (after, DSR) and duckling recruitment. We monitored 1,295 wood duck nests from 2020−2023 and found 112 (8.7%) were parasitized by hooded mergansers and 148 (11.5%) by whistling-ducks. Parasitic egg-laying by hooded mergansers lowered wood duck DSR, while DSR for nests parasitized by whistling-ducks was comparable to clutches containing only wood duck eggs. We considered the wood duck capture histories of 2,465 marked female ducklings and 540 banded adult females to estimate a duckling recruitment probability for the entire study period. We recaptured 50 ducklings as adults; 6 (12.0%) hatched from clutches parasitized by hooded mergansers, 1 (2.0%) from a clutch parasitized by a whistling-duck, and 43 (86.0%) from clutches containing only wood duck eggs. The duckling recruitment probability was 0.039 (95% credible interval = 0.028, 0.051). Nest initiation date had a negative effect on recruitment, wherein most recruits hatched from nests initiated earlier in the season. Given only ~9% of wood duck nests contained hooded merganser eggs, we conclude IBP writ large had no detrimental effect on DSR at a population level. The lower DSR of clutches parasitized by hooded mergansers is potentially linked to a high abundance of early-season parasites that produce "dump nests" and these clutches are often abandoned without being incubated. Despite ongoing parasitism by hooded mergansers and the range expansion of whistling-ducks, wood duck productivity in Louisiana appears to be minimally affected by interspecific brood parasitism.

Fig. 6 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Box and jitter plots of L/H ratios of different categories of Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens. Categories as defined in text and Table 1. Boxes represent 25–75 per cent quartiles and horizontal lines inside the boxes indicate median values. Abbreviations: ♀, female; ♂, male; O, other with indeterminate sex.

Fig. 5 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Ostreid bivalve Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. from Mangrol open pit mine, Surat, western India, Ypresian Cambay Basin. A. PG/CB/Os 5, paratype, right valve, external view (A1); detail showing 3 attached spat, all more or less rounded (A2, rotated 180° with respect to A1 to make the spat upright). B. PG/ CB/Os 41a, paratype, juvenile, left valve, attached on a small right valve (not shown), internal view. C. PG/CB/Os 39, right valve, juvenile, external view showing rounded and convex nature. D. PG/CB/Os 34, right valve of a specimen at mid-ontogeny, external (D1) and internal (D2) views; close-up of dorsal area showing rounded form in early ontogeny (D3); close-up of hinge area (D4) with arrow pointing to chomata. E. PG/CB/Os 36, paratype, juvenile, left valve, internal (E1) and external (E2) views. F. PG/CB/Os 12, juvenile, left valve, external view showing rounded and rotated early growth stage.

Fig. 2 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic section of the lower part of the Mangrol open pit mine. The type and relative proportion of fossils in different levels are indicated. The star demarcates the level from which the Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens were collected.

Fig. 1. A in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area. B. Geological map of a part of the Cambay Basin with locations of the Mangrol and the Vastan (now abandoned) open pit mines (modified after Sahni et al. 2006).

Figure 1 in Dimorphic brooding zooids in the genus Adeona Lamouroux from Australia (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Figure 1. Growing edge of colony of Adeona species 1 (stn GAB-113, Great Australian Bight, depth 106 m, 34º36'S, 119º55'E). Starred zooids are inferred brooding dimorphs. Arrow indicates zooid also arrowed in Fig. 2. Scale = 500 µm.

Figure 8. Adeona species 4 in Dimorphic brooding zooids in the genus Adeona Lamouroux from Australia (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Figure 8. Adeona species 4 (stn GAB-033, Great Australian Bight, depth 106 m, 34º36'S, 119º55'E). Two brooding zooids with partly broken frontal walls, showing distal plate and condyle in calcified orifice. Scale = 200 µm.

Figure 5 in Dimorphic brooding zooids in the genus Adeona Lamouroux from Australia (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Figure 5. Same colony as Fig. 4. Proximal zooid and left zooid are brooding dimorphs, with well-defined 'distal plate' in orifice, and with no avicularium, having communication pores in its place. Distal and right zooids are non-brooding zooids. Scale = 200 µm.

Figure 3 in Dimorphic brooding zooids in the genus Adeona Lamouroux from Australia (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Figure 3. Detail of the distalmost of the two brooding zooids in Fig. 2 (not reversed). Shows ring scar at margin of epistegal space (arrow), plate-like condyle (arrow), and numerous communication pores lateral to orifice and brood chamber, leading to hypostegal coelom. Scale = 100 µm.