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Fig. 7 in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of zooidal size (mean ZL in mm) in 56 Microporella species known to possess ovicells and for which zooidal size has been reported in the literature.

Fig. 6 in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 6. Microporella hyadesi (Jullien, 1888) sensu Brown 1952 (NHMUK D36796 and D36797), Southland, Waianan, Middle Miocene, base of the uppermost Mt. Brown "E" Limestone, Junction of Weka Creek, Weka Pass Stream, Waipara, Canterbury, New Zealand. Two colony fragments including autozooids and ovicellate zooids. Scale bars = 200 µm.

Fig. 5. Microporella ordo Brown, 1952. A–C in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 5. Microporella ordo Brown, 1952. A–C. Holotype (NHMUK D36809), Wanganui, Castlecliffian Horizon CU3, Pleistocene, NZGS Loc. 4013 Castlecliff, New Zealand. A. Frontal view of the linear colony fragment. B. Close-up of an autozooid. C. Close-up of the orifice and ascopore. D. Paratype (NHMUK D36806), same provenance as holotype, view of the linear colony fragment. Scale bars: A, D = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.

Fig. 1 in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 1. Buskia waiinuensis sp. nov., holotype (GNS BZ 335), Nukumaruan, Pleistocene, Nukumaru Limestone, Waiinu Beach, New Zealand. A. General view of the bioimmured colony, showing the regular development of the stolonal pattern. B. Close-up of a sector of the colony. C. Close-up of a zooid with oval orifice. Note the cystid appendage lateral to the orifice and the concentric lines on the zooidal and stolonal surface. D. Close-up of a zooid with a circular orifice and two cystid appendages lateral to the orifice. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 200 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 100 µm.

Fig. 2 in New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm.

Fig. 11 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 11. Adeonellopsis pentapora Canu & Bassler, 1929. A. Left, colony in Döderlein Collection (MZS 2-1); right, colony collected by NSMT (NSMT-TeS22). B. Colony on hydroid stalk, from Sagami Bay (NSMT-TeS20). C. Distal end of branch showing young autozooids with multiporous, denticulate spiramen (NSMT-Te761). D. Young autozooids with umbonate processes on frontal shield (NSMT- Te764). E. Mature autozooids with small suboral and other frontal avicularia (NSMT-Te761). F. Old autozooids, showing deeply immersed spiramen and orifices (NSMT-Te762). A–B = optical photographs; C–F = SEM images. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 2 mm; C–D, F = 200 μm; E = 250 μm.

Fig. 8 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 8. Adeonellopsis japonica (Ortmann, 1890). A. Distal end of branch just starting to bifurcate, showing young autozooids and gonozooids (NSMT-BryR277). B. Enlargement of young gonozooids, showing peripheral rim with rows of granulation perpendicular to margin, and large multiporous spiramen (NSMT-BryR277). C. Autozooids in middle of branch, showing immersed spiramen (NSMT- Bry R 193). D. Basal part of branch, showing autozooids, and some kenozooids with closed orifice (NSMT-BryR36). E. Young gonozooids, showing distinct marginal pores and multiporous spiramen (NSMT-Te758). F. Distal end of branch, showing autozooid formation (NSMT-Te758). SEM images. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm, B, D–E = 300 μm; F = 500 μm.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 4. Adeonella jahanai sp. nov. A. Holotype colony with narrow branches (NSMT-Te1050, Okinawa). B. Young autozooids at distal end of branch, showing primary orifices NSMT-Te889. C. Autozooids with elongate frontal avicularia (NSMT-Te889, Okinawa). D. Young autozooids with a single triangular avicularium abutting the proximal margin of the peristome (NSMT-Te889, Okinawa). A = optical photograph; B–D = SEM images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–D = 100 μm.

Fig. 10. Interior frontal shield. A in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 10. Interior frontal shield. A. Adeonellopsis japonica (Ortmann, 1890) (NSMT-Te1052). B. A. parvirostrum sp. nov. (NSMT-Te807). Arrowheads indicate ring scar. SEM images. Scale bars: A = 50 μm; B = 25 μm.

Fig. 6 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 6. Adeonellopsis arculifera (Canu & Bassler, 1929). A. Colonies collected SW of Yakushima Island (NSMT-Te789). B. Branch showing crenulate periphery (NSMT-Te781). C. Enlargement of bifurcation showing autozooids with oblique avicularium and single small spiramen (NSMT-Te781). D. Young autozooids showing peristomial rim and single small spiramen (NSMT-Te781). E. Old part of branch, showing various stages in formation of kenozooids (NSMT-Te781). F. Old part of branch, showing autozooids with depression containing avicularium and spiramen (NSMT-Te781). A = optical photograph; B–F = SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 1 mm; C–D = 300 μm; E = 500 μm; F = 250 μm.

Fig. 9 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 9. Adeonellopsis japonica (Ortmann, 1890). A. Colony collected at Albatross Station D, off Oahu Island, Hawaii (USNM 271601). B. Autozooids of Hawaii specimen, showing suboral avicularia and biporous spiramen (USNM 271601, Hawaii). C. Autozooids and lateral vicarious avicularia at a branch bifurcation (USNM 271601 paper box, Hawaii). D. Enlargement of lateral vicarious avicularia at branch bifurcation (USNM 271601 paper box, Hawaii). A = optical photograph; B–D = photomicrographs. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, D = 300 μm; C = 500 μm.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 3. Adeonella cf. lichenoides (Lamarck, 1816). A. Gonozooids at branch bifurcation (NSMT-Bry R 365, Sagami Sea). B. Kenozooids with numerous frontal avicularia (NSMT-BryR360, Sagami Sea). C. Autozooids with numerous frontal avicularia (NSMT-TeS14, Sagami Sea). SEM images. Scale bars: A, C = 200 μm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 2. Adeonella cf. lichenoides (Lamarck, 1816). A. Large, robust branching colony in Showa Emperor Collection (NSMT-BryR299, Sagami Sea). B. Distal end of branch, showing vicarious avicularia associated with a branch bifurcation (NSMT-BryR297, Sagami Sea). C. Autozooids (NSMT-BryR359, Sagami Sea). D–E. Two types of lanceolate avicularia near branch bifurcations. D. Short type (NSMT- BryR297). E. Long type (NSMT-BryR359, Sagami Sea). A = optical photograph; B–E = SEM images. Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = 500 μm; C–E = 200 μm.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and distribution of adeonid bryozoans (Cheilostomata: Adeonidae) in Japanese waters

Fig. 5. Adeonella jahanai sp. nov. A. Branch bifurcation lacking vicarious avicularaia (NSMT- Te889, Okinawa). B. Branch bifurcation with vicarious avicularium (NSMT-Te749, off Yakushima). C. Vicarious avicularia on side of branch (NSMT-Te889, Okinawa). D. Old part of branch showing autozooids and kenozooids (NSMT-Te889, Okinawa). E. Gonozooids at periphery of branch (NSMT- Te889, Okinawa). F. Gonozooid at periphery of branch (NSMT-Te889, Okinawa). SEM images. Scale bars: A– D = 200 μm; E = 300 μm; F = 100 μm.

Figure 31 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 31. Bryopesanser latesco Tilbrook: (a) NSMT-Te 1167, autozooids; (b) NSMT-Te 1100, orifice; (c) NSMT-Te 1054, ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; (d) NSMT-Te 1103, ovicelled and nonovicelled autozooids; note sharp projection on proximal peristomial rim in lower-right zooid, and size difference in avicularia between lower right and lower left zooids. Panels are scanning electron microscopic images of dried, unbleached specimen (a) or bleached specimens (b–d). Scale bars: a, c, d = 300 µm; b = 100 µm.

Figure 37 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 37. Rhynchozoon lunifrons sp. nov.: (a) NSMT-Te 1196 (paratype), colony view; (b) enlargement from preceding panel, showing autozooids typically having three processes associated with orifice; (c–f) NSMT-Te 1197 (paratype), (c) marginal autozooids showing shape and orientation of suboral avicularian chamber, (d) marginal autozooids, showing orifice shape, (e) well-calcified ovicelled autozooids, showing large semicircular area of exposed entooecium on ovicell, (f) endozooidal ovicells, with three zooids showing a second ovicell (arrowheads) lateral to orifice. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b = 500 µm; c–f = 300 µm.

Figure 29 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 29. Arthropoma harmelini sp. nov., NSMT-Te 1159 (holotype): (a) autozooids, showing crescentic suboral umbo, which in top-centre zooid is continuous with peristomial rim; (b) orifice; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with one ovicell showing a lateral extension; note there is no row of pseudopores between orifice and floor of developing ooecium; (d) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; (e) autozooids with developing ooecia; note lack of pseudopores between orifice and floor of ooecium; (f) colony margin, showing interzooidal connections. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a, c, e, f = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; d = 500 µm.

Figure 34 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 34. Rhynchozoon ferocula Hayward: (a) NSMT-Te 1178, view of smaller colony on SEM stub; (b) NSMT-Te 1179, marginal autozooids; (c–e) NSMT-Te 1178 (larger colony on SEM stub), (c) orifices in (c) mature autozooids, (d) orifice and oral spines, (e) ovicelled autozooids (arrowhead, window in calcified ectooecium; arrow, labellum); (f) NSMT-Te 1180, ancestrula and two daughter zooids. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b, e, f = 200 µm; c = 100 µm; d = 50 µm.

Figure 32 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 32. (a, b) Crepidacantha longiseta Canu and Bassler: (a) NSMT-Te 1167, autozooids; (b) NSMT- Te 1169, ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (c, d) Crepidacantha poissonii (Audouin), NSMT-Te 1100: (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. Panels are scanning electron microscopic images of dried, unbleached (a, c) or bleached (b, d) specimens. Scale bars: a, c = 300 µm; b, d = 200 µm.