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Fig. 5 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 5. Difference in mean shell shape between an uninfected Bulinus tropicus (A), an infected B. tropicus (all types of infections collectively; B), and a B. tropicus infected by Petasiger sp. 5 (C). Each of the displayed specimens is the specimen nearest to the group mean in morphospace (Fig. 4). The differences in Procrustes shape coordinates among these specimens are visualized with vectors (vector length magnification = ×2.5).

Fig. 4 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation plot reconstructed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the Procrustes shape coordinates of 198 individuals of Bulinus tropicus from Lake Kasenda. Blue circles indicate uninfected specimens, orange symbols infected specimens, with ∇ = single infection by Echinoparyphium sp.; Δ = single infection by Austrodiplostomum sp. 2; □ = single infection by Plagiorchiida sp. I; ◊ = single infection by Petasiger sp. 5; ○ = any other infection. Filled symbols indicate the mean shape for each infection group, and the filled orange circle represents the mean of all trematode-infected snails. Vectors indicate the shape changes by any of these infection types compared to uninfected specimens. These differences are further illustrated in Fig. 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 3. Variation in centroid size (CS) of Bulinus tropicus shells depending on infection status. Median CS values are illustrated as thick lines within the boxes, first and third quartiles as the upper and lower hinges. The whiskers extend from the hinges to the highest or lowest values (for upper and lower whisker, respectively) within 1.5 x the inter-quartile range of the corresponding hinge (Wickham 2016). Each dot represents an individual snail.

Fig. 1 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 1. Illustration of a Bulinus shell with indication of our ten landmark points and four semi-landmark curves, numbered with roman numbers I to IV and indicating the original number of equidistant semi-landmarks between brackets. Shell height = 8 mm.

Fig. 2 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 2. Haplotype network of the 227 Bulinus tropicus specimens from Lake Kasenda that were barcoded for a fragment of COX1. Circle area is proportional to the number of specimens of each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 specimen, largest = 104). Single nucleotide polymorphisms between the haplotypes are represented by dashes on the connecting branches. For each haplotype the proportion of snails that are uninfected or infected (any trematode infection), as derived from RD-PCR results, is indicated in grey and white, respectively. Labels refer to the haplotypes used in Supplementary Table 3.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

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Population genetic structure of the gastropod species Bulinus truncatus

Background: Gastropod snails remain strongly understudied, despite their important role in transmitting parasitic diseases. Knowledge on their distribution and population dynamics increases our understanding of processes driving disease transmission. This is the first study using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) to elucidate the population genetic structure of the hermaphroditic snail Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) on a regional (17 to 150 km) and an inter-regional (1,000 – 5,400 km) scale. This snail species acts as an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis, which cause human and animal schistosomiasis respectively. Methods: Bulinus truncatus snails were collected in Senegal, Cameroon, Egypt and France and identified through DNA barcoding. A single-end Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) library, comprising of 87 snail specimens from the respective countries, was built and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Reads were mapped against S. bovis and S. haematobium reference genomes to identify schistosome infections and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were scored using the Stacks pipeline. These SNPs were used to estimate genetic diversity, assess population structure and to construct phylogenetic trees of Bulinus truncatus. Results: A total of 10,750 SNPs were scored and used in downstream analyses. The phylogenetic analysis identified five clades, each consisting of snails from a single country but with two distinct clades within Senegal. Genetic diversity was low in all populations, reflecting high selfing rates, but varied between locations due to habitat variability. Significant genetic differentiation and isolation by distance patterns were observed at both spatial scales, indicating that gene flow is not strong enough to counteract the effects of population bottlenecks, high selfing rates and genetic drift. Remarkably, the population genetic differentiation on a regional scale (i.e. within Senegal) was as large as between populations on an inter-regional scale. The blind GBS technique was able to pick up parasite DNA in snail tissue, demonstrating the potential of HTS techniques to further elucidate the role of snail species in parasite transmission. Conclusions: HTS techniques offer a valuable toolbox to further investigate the population genetic patterns of schistosome intermediate host snails and the role of snail species in parasite transmission.

Figure 2 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 2. Prevalence of single infections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.

Figure 1 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 1. Map showing Nike Lake in Enugu East LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Figure 4 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 4. Mean intensity of single and coinfections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.

Figure 3 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 3. Prevalence of coinfections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.