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29 results for “C4 photosynthesis”
Supplementary material: Efficient in vivo screening method for the identification of C4 photosynthesis inhibitors based on cell suspensions of the single-cell C4 plant Bienertia sinuspersici
<p>Data described in Minges et al. (2019) Efficient <em>in vivo</em> screening method for the identification of C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis inhibitors based on cell suspensions of the single-cell C<sub>4</sub> plant <em>Bienertia sinuspersici</em>. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01350">10.3389/fpls.2019.01350</a></p> <p> </p>
C4 photosynthesis and the economic spectra of leaf and root traits independently influence growth rates in grasses
<p>Photosynthetic pathway is an important cause of growth rate variation between species, such that the enhanced carbon uptake of C<sub>4</sub> species leads to faster growth than their C<sub>3</sub> counterparts. Leaf traits that promote rapid resource acquisition may further enhance the growth capacity of C<sub>4</sub> species. However, how root economic traits interact with leaf traits, and the different growth strategies adopted by plants with C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> photosynthetic pathways is unclear. Plant economic traits could interact with, or act independently of, photosynthetic pathway in influencing growth rate, or C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> species could segregate out along a common growth rate-trait relationship.</p> <p>We measured leaf and root traits on 100+ grass species grown from seeds in a controlled, common environment to compare with relative growth rates (RGR) during the initial phase of rapid growth, controlling for phylogeny and allometric effects.</p> <p>Photosynthetic pathway acts independently to leaf and root functional traits in causing fast growth. Using C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis, plants can achieve faster growth than their C<sub>3</sub> counterparts (by an average 0.04 g g<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) for a given suite of functional trait values, with lower investments of leaf and root nitrogen. Leaf and root traits had an additive effect on RGR, with plants achieving fast growth by possessing resource-acquisitive leaf traits (high specific leaf area and low leaf dry matter content) or root traits (high specific root length and area, and low root diameter), but having both leads to an even faster growth rate (by up to 0.06 g g-1 day-1). C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis can provide a greater relative increase in RGR for plants with a 'slow' ecological strategy than in those with fast growth. However, aboveground and belowground strategies are not coordinated, so that species can have any combination of 'slow' or 'fast' leaf and root traits.</p> <p>Synthesis: C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis increases growth rate for a given combination of economic traits, and significantly alters plant nitrogen economy in the leaves and roots. However, leaf and root economic traits act independently to further enhance growth. The fast growth of C<sub>4</sub> grasses promotes a competitive advantage under hot, sunny conditions.</p>
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria (Asteraceae): Insights from the Flaveria linearis complex
<p>Flaveria is a leading model for C4 plant evolution due to the presence of a dozen C3-C4 intermediate species, many of which are associated with a phylogenetic complex centered around F. linearis. To investigate C4 evolution in Flaveria, we updated the Flaveria phylogeny and evaluated gas exchange, starch δ13C, and activity of C4 cycle enzymes in 19 Flaveria species and 28 populations within the F. linearis complex. A principal component analysis identified six functional clusters: i) C3, ii) sub-C2, iii) full C2, iv) enriched C2, v) sub-C4, and vi) fully C4 species. The sub-C2 species lacked a functional C4 cycle, while a gradient was present in the C2 clusters from little to modest C4 cycle activity as indicated by δ13C and enzyme activities. Three Yucatan populations of F. linearis had photosynthetic CO2 compensation points equivalent to C4 plants but showed little evidence for an enhanced C4 cycle, indicating they have an optimized C2 pathway that recaptures all photorespired CO2 in the bundle sheath (BS) tissue. All C2 species had enhanced aspartate aminotransferase activity relative to C3 species and most had enhanced alanine aminotransferase activity. These aminotransferases form aspartate and alanine from glutamate and in doing so help return photorespiratory nitrogen (N) from BS to mesophyll cells, preventing glutamate feedback onto photorespiratory N assimilation. Their use requires upregulation of parts of the C4 metabolic cycle to generate carbon skeletons to sustain N return to the mesophyll, and thus could facilitate the evolution of the full C4 photosynthetic pathway.</p>
The role of chloroplast movement in C4 photosynthesis: A theoretical analysis using a 3-D reaction-diffusion model for maize
<p>Chloroplast movement within mesophyll (M) cells in C<sub>4</sub> plants is hypothesized to enhance the CO<sub>2</sub> concentrating mechanism (CCM), but this is difficult to verify experimentally. A three-dimensional (3-D) leaf model can help analyze how chloroplast movement influences the operation of CCM. The first volumetric reaction-diffusion model of C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis that incorporates: detailed 3-D leaf anatomy, light propagation, ATP and NADPH production and CO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> and bicarbonate concentration driven by diffusional and assimilation/emission processes, was developed and implemented for maize leaves to simulate various chloroplast movement scenarios within M cells: the movement of all M chloroplasts towards bundle-sheath (BS) cells (aggregative movement) and movement of only those of interveinal M cells towards BS cells (avoidance movement). Light absorbed by bundle-sheath (BS) chloroplasts relative to M chloroplasts increased in both cases. Avoidance movement decreased light absorption by M chloroplasts considerably. Consequently, total ATP and NADPH production and net photosynthesis rate increased for aggregative movement and decreased for avoidance movement case compared to the default case of no chloroplast movement at high light intensities. Leakiness increased in both chloroplast movement scenarios due to the imbalance in energy production and demand in M and BS cells. These results suggest the need to design strategies for coordinated increases in electron transport and Rubisco activities for an efficient CCM at very high light intensities.</p>
Data from: Competitive response of savanna tree seedlings to C4 grasses is negatively related to photosynthesis rate
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The role of chloroplast movement in C4 photosynthesis: A theoretical analysis using a 3-D reaction-diffusion model for maize
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The evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria (Asteraceae): Insights from the Flaveria linearis complex
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C4 photosynthesis and the economic spectra of leaf and root traits independently influence growth rates in grasses
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Data from: C4 photosynthesis boosts growth by altering physiology, allocation and size
C4 photosynthesis is a complex set of leaf anatomical and biochemical adaptations that have evolved more than 60 times to boost carbon uptake compared with the ancestral C3 photosynthetic type1,2,3. Although C4 photosynthesis has the potential to drive faster growth rates4,5, experiments directly comparing C3 and C4 plants have not shown consistent effects1,6,7. This is problematic because differential growth is a crucial element of ecological theory8,9 explaining C4 savannah responses to global change10,11, and research to increase C3 crop productivity by introducing C4 photosynthesis12. Here, we resolve this long-standing issue by comparing growth across 382 grass species, accounting for ecological diversity and evolutionary history. C4 photosynthesis causes a 19–88% daily growth enhancement. Unexpectedly, during the critical seedling establishment stage, this enhancement is driven largely by a high ratio of leaf area to mass, rather than fast growth per unit leaf area. C4 leaves have less dense tissues, allowing more leaves to be produced for the same carbon cost. Consequently, C4 plants invest more in roots than C3 species. Our data demonstrate a general suite of functional trait divergences between C3 and C4 species, which simultaneously drive faster growth and greater investment in water and nutrient acquisition, with important ecological and agronomic implications.
Data from: Exploring the possible role of hybridization in the evolution of photosynthetic pathways in Flaveria (Asteraceae), the prime model of C4 photosynthesis evolution
<p><em>Flaveria</em> (Asteraceae) is the prime model for the study of C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis evolution and seems to support a stepwise acquisition of the pathway through C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate phenotypes, still existing in <em>Flaveria</em> today. Molecular phylogenies of <em>Flaveria</em> based on concatenated data matrices are currently used to reconstruct the complex sequence of trait shifts during C<sub>4</sub> evolution. To assess the possible role of hybridization in C<sub>4</sub> evolution in <em>Flaveria</em>, we re-analyzed transcriptome data of 17 <em>Flaveria</em> species to infer the extent of gene tree discordance and possible reticulation events. We found massive gene tree discordance as well as reticulation along the backbone and within clades containing C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate and C<sub>4</sub>-like species. An early hybridization event between two C<sub>3</sub> species might have triggered C<sub>4 </sub>evolution in the genus. The clade containing all C<sub>4</sub> species plus the C<sub>4</sub>-like species F. vaginata and<em> F. palmeri </em>is highly supported in our phylogenetic analyses, but it might be of hybrid origin involving <em>F. angustifolia</em> and<em> F. sonorensis</em> (both C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate) as parental lineages. Hybridization seems to be a driver of C<sub>4</sub> evolution in<em> Flaveria</em> and likely promoted the fast acquisition of C<sub>4</sub> traits. This new insight can be used in further exploring C<sub>4</sub> evolution and can inform C<sub>4</sub> bioengineering efforts.</p>
Data from: C4 photosynthesis boosts growth by altering physiology, allocation and size
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Data from: Molecular evolution of key metabolic genes during transitions to C4 and CAM photosynthesis
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Data from: C4 photosynthesis evolved in warm climates but promoted migration to cooler ones
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Continued adaptation of C4 photosynthesis after an initial burst of changes in the Andropogoneae grasses
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Data from: Exploring the possible role of hybridization in the evolution of photosynthetic pathways in Flaveria (Asteraceae), the prime model of C4 photosynthesis evolution
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Table of C4 model equations used to explore the effect of irradiance, CO2 and temperature on C4 photosynthesis
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Data from: The role of photorespiration during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria
C4 photosynthesis represents a most remarkable case of convergent evolution of a complex trait, which includes the reprogramming of the expression patterns of thousands of genes. Anatomical, physiological, and phylogenetic and analyses as well as computational modeling indicate that the establishment of a photorespiratory carbon pump (termed C2 photosynthesis) is a prerequisite for the evolution of C4. However, a mechanistic model explaining the tight connection between the evolution of C4 and C2 photosynthesis is currently lacking. Here we address this question through comparative transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of closely related C3, C3-C4, and C4 species, combined with Flux Balance Analysis constrained through a mechanistic model of carbon fixation. We show that C2 photosynthesis creates a misbalance in nitrogen metabolism between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Rebalancing nitrogen metabolism requires anaplerotic reactions that resemble at least parts of a basic C4 cycle. Our findings thus show how C2 photosynthesis represents a pre-adaptation for the C4 system, where the evolution of the C2 system establishes important C4 components as a side effect.
Data from: Independent and parallel evolution of new genes by gene duplication in two origins of C4 photosynthesis provides new insight into the mechanism of phloem loading in C4 species
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Data from: Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in grasses
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Data from: C4 photosynthesis promoted species diversification during the Miocene grassland expansion
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