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101 results for “Cane toad”
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
<p>Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.</p>
Fig. 1 in Helpful invaders: Can cane toads reduce the parasite burdens of native frogs?
Fig. 1. Effect of order of exposure and type of anuran species (native frog versus cane toad) on the number of lungworm (Rhabdias hylae) larvae taken up in one hour in experimental arenas. Graph displays average values ±1 S.E.
Fig. 2 in Helpful invaders: Can cane toads reduce the parasite burdens of native frogs?
Fig. 2. Effect of prior exposure to Rhabdias hylae on the subsequent establishment of another lungworm species (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in the lungs of cane toad metamorphs. Graph displays average values ±1 S.E.
Fig. 4 in Do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native Australian frogs?
Fig. 4. (A) Prevalence (% of anurans infected) and (B) intensity (mean number of cysts and worms per infected host) of parasitic nematodes in anurans from cane toad-present, and cane toad-absent areas in northern NSW. Bars represent standard errors.
Fig. 1 in Do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native Australian frogs?
Fig. 1. (A) Prevalence (% of anurans infected) and (B) intensity (mean number of worms per infected host) of parasitic lungworms in cane toads and native anuran from northern NSW. Bars represent standard errors.
Fig. 3 in Do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native Australian frogs?
Fig. 3. (A) Prevalence (% of anurans infected) and (B) intensity (mean number of cysts and worms per infected host) of parasitic larval nematodes in cane toads and native anurans from northern NSW. Bars represent standard errors.
Fig. 2 in Do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native Australian frogs?
Fig. 2. (A) Prevalence (% of anurans infected) and (B) intensity (mean number of worms per infected host) of parasitic lungworms in anurans from cane toadpresent, and cane toad-absent areas in northern NSW. Bars represent standard errors.
Fig. 3 in Using experimental de-worming to measure the immunological and pathological impacts of lungworm infection in cane toads
Fig. 3. The effects of lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala infection level on lung pathology of 15 cane toads. (A) number of areas of inflammation predominated by lymphocytes, (B) number of areas of regional septal fibrosis, and (C) areas of inflammation predominated by neutrophils and macrophages. The size of the symbols represents sample size of each count.
Fig. 2 in Using experimental de-worming to measure the immunological and pathological impacts of lungworm infection in cane toads
Fig. 2. Effects of anthelmintic injection (Ivermectin) on the viability of adult lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala inside the lungs of cane toads (n = 10) hosts over a 7-day period following anthelmintic injection. Lungworm viability scores (see text for definitions) decreased with time since injection. The size of the symbols represents sample size of each score. Two toads had not been treated with anthelmintic when euthanized and were given scores of 0 days post injection.
Fig. 6 in Using experimental de-worming to measure the immunological and pathological impacts of lungworm infection in cane toads
Fig. 6. (A) The effects of anthelmintic treatment on relative liver mass of 5 de-wormed (open bars) vs. 6 not de-wormed (grey bars) free-ranging toads. (B) Effect of experimental treatment on relative liver mass of 49 captive cane toads. ID = infected, dewormed (n = 11), IC = infected, control (n = 13), ND = non-infected, de-wormed
Fig. 4 in Using experimental de-worming to measure the immunological and pathological impacts of lungworm infection in cane toads
Fig. 4. The effects of lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) abundance on leukocyte concentrations in cane toads. Captive toads (n = 19) exhibited high leukocyte concentrations that were independent of the level of Rhabdias infection. In contrast, leukocyte concentrations in free-ranging toads (n = 11) increased with Rhabdias infection level.
Fig. 2 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 2. Phenomena occurring in pathogen/parasite load during the introduction of exotic host species. All of these concepts are exemplified by the
Fig. 1 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 1. Cane toad (Rhinella marina), a large bufonid anuran invasive to Australia. Photo taken by Dr. Matt Greenlees.
Fig. 3 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 3. Known distribution of the cane toad throughout Australia. Since arriving in Queensland, Australia in 1935, cane toads have further expanded their range through New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and into Western Australia. Map created by Georgia Ward-Fear (Tingley et al., In review).
Fig. 1 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs
Fig. 1. Study site location in Australia's Northern Territory (left). Map showing the Research Station where the initial amoebiasis outbreak was observed (Shilton et al., 2018); and sample collection sites Leaning Tree Lagoon and Caravan Park (right). In 2018, cane toads and native frogs were collected at Leaning Tree Lagoon. In 2020, cane toads were collected at the Caravan Park and road-killed native frogs were collected from the highway between the Research Station and Leaning Tree Lagoon. Left-hand panel image from GoogleMaps.
Fig. 2 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs
Fig. 2. Six of the amphibian species surveyed for Entamoeba in this study. a) Cyclorana australis, b) Litoria bicolor, c) Litoria dahlii, d) Litoria nasuta, e) Litoria rothii and f) Rhinella marina.
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
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Data from: Neural and sensory basis of homing behavior in the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina
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Infection success data from experimental pairings of cane toad hosts and lungworm parasites
<p>By imposing novel selection pressures on both participants, biological invasions can disrupt evolutionary "arms races" between hosts and parasites. A spatially replicated cross-infection experiment reveals strong divergence in the ability of lungworms (<em>Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala</em>) to infect invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>) in Australia. In areas colonised for > 20 years, toads are more resistant to infection by local strains of parasites than by allopatric strains. The situation reverses at the invasion front, where super-infective parasites have evolved. Invasion-induced shifts in genetic diversity and selective pressures may explain why hosts win the arms race in long-colonised areas whereas parasites win the arms race at the invasion front.</p>
Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
<p><span>Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of energy allocation and impose stress, thereby altering immune function. In this study we investigated links between changes in body mass of captive cane toads (Rhinella marina), their circulating white blood cell populations, and their performance in immune assays. Captive toads that lost weight over a 3-month period had increased levels of monocytes and heterophils and reduced levels of eosinophils. Basophil and lymphocyte levels were unrelated to changes in mass. Because individuals that lost mass had higher heterophil levels but stable lymphocyte levels, the ratio of these cell types was also higher, partially consistent with a stress response. Phagocytic ability of whole blood was higher in toads that lost mass, due to increased circulating levels of phagocytic cells. Other measures of immune performance were unrelated to mass change. These results highlight the challenges faced by invasive species as they expand their range into novel environments which may impose substantial seasonal changes in food availability that were not present in the native range. Individuals facing energy restrictions may shift their immune function towards more economical and general avenues of combating pathogens. </span></p>
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